PAN-AFRICAN & INDEPENDENCE Movements Presentation, Graphic Organizers, & Activities

SS7H1 Analyze continuity and change in Africa. STANDARDS: SS7H1 Analyze continuity and change in Africa. b. Explain how the Pan-African movement and nationalism led to independence in Kenya and Nigeria.   © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: What’s In My Head? Print off the What’s In My Head handout for each student. BEFORE the presentation, have the students write down things that they already know about each country. AFTER the presentation, give the students a few minutes to add things that they learned about each country’s independence movement.   © Brain Wrinkles

What’s In My Head? Kenya Nigeria Directions: BEFORE the presentation, write down everything that you know about Kenya, & Nigeria in the “heads” below. AFTER the presentation, add more facts that you learned about each country’s independence movements. Kenya Nigeria © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: CLOZE Notes The next pages are handouts for the students to use for note-taking during the presentation. (Print front to back to save paper and ink.) Check the answers as a class after the presentation.   © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African & Independence Unrest Changes Pan-African Nationalism Colonization PAN-AFRICAN MOVEMENT By the second half of the century, ______________________ throughout the continent and African nations fought to free themselves from European control. The cost for European countries to maintain ______________________ . An ______________________ that disliked colonial life began to grow in the cities. The rule of tribal chiefs had weakened because of their links with colonial governments, thus limiting their ______________________ . Africa began to change by the ______________________ . Eventually, the influence of the movement began to fade, but not before pushing the ______________________ forward. The fifth Pan-African Congress counted in ______________________ , including the future leaders of Kenya and Ghana. By the end of World War II, ______________________ had occurred. The first ______________________ occurred in 1900. The Pan-African movement’s principles actually dated back to the ______________________ . The movement believed that all Africans ______________________ and should work together for their freedom. An example of African nationalism was the ______________________ that began in the late 1800s. Nationalism, a ______________________ in one’s own country, began to sweep across Africa and fed the desire for independence from European rule. They wanted to ______________________ of their own governments, land, and resources. Africans resented their unequal status and ______________________ under European control. Liberia was founded in 1822 by ______________________ . The only independent countries were ______________________ . By the 20th century, European powers had colonized the ______________________ © Brain Wrinkles Pan-African & Independence CLOZE Notes 1

Pan-African & Independence Change Rebellion Opposition Colonization KENYA Great Britain slowly began returning land to Kenya’s African citizens and also granting them ______________________ . It showed the British that Africans ______________________ and raised global awareness about the struggle for independence in Kenya. The Mau Mau uprising had ______________________ throughout Kenya. Although the British army mostly defeated the guerillas, this movement gained a great ______________________ among Kenyans. In 1956, there was a violent rebellion that resulted in the deaths of thousands of ______________________ , For several decades, small bands of armed ______________________ (guerillas) fought to eliminate white settlers in Kenya. They believed that their land was taken unfairly and ______________________ began to form. Most Kenyans were upset by their ______________________ as landowners to the British. The government also ______________________ and gave it to British settlers and war veterans. Under British rule, native Kenyans had to ______________________ and did not have the same access to education and jobs that whites did. Next came Germany and Great Britain, but by 1920, ______________________ were the only foreigners who remained. ______________________ took control of Kenya’s coast during the 1800s. For hundreds of years, outsiders did not enter the region now known as Kenya because of the ______________________ that inhabited the area. © Brain Wrinkles Pan-African & Independence CLOZE Notes 2

Pan-African & Independence Unrest NIGERIA Today Kenyatta Independence Most Nigerians believed that the only way to have rights was to be ______________________ of European rule. This angered many Nigerians so they ______________________ to work for independence. The British government took land from the Nigeria’s tribes and controlled most of the ______________________ . Nigeria had maintained its independence until 1914 when ______________________ the area. The country now known as Nigeria was a diverse region with more than ______________________ . Even though there has been improvement in the political rights of Kenya’s people, ______________________ as there is a great deal of corruption within the country’s government. By the time of his death in 1978, Kenyatta had helped Kenya become one of the ______________________ and economically dynamic countries in Africa. The country remains a multi-party state, but the reality is that the ______________________ of the government. Under Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel arap Moi, the KNAU ran ______________________ until the 1990s. ______________________ of the Kenyan African National Union, and during his presidency, began a campaign called harambee, which is Swahili for “let’s pull together.” ______________________ was the most influential leader of the freedom movement in Kenya, and was appointed as the nation’s first president. On ______________________ , the British Empire granted Kenya its independence. Kenyans were tired of being treated unfairly, and ______________________ . © Brain Wrinkles Pan-African & Independence CLOZE Notes 3

Pan-African & Independence Africa Today Today Power Independence Change In some African countries, ______________________ took over the governments. Ethnic groups ______________________ over political power in many African nations. European powers ______________________ new leaders how to self-govern after granting them independence. Many of the new governments were ______________________ . Unfortunately, once the countries were independent of European rule, they still ______________________ . By 1966, ______________________ African countries were independent nation-states. In recent years, political instability, religious competition, ethnic differences and the need to become more modern ______________________ . Nigeria suffered from violence and ______________________ , when a democratic government was established. Unfortunately, struggles for power between ______________________ have resulted in three military coups and a civil war. Nigeria did not remain ______________________ . At first, it was one of the ______________________ of the new African countries. On ______________________ , Great Britain granted Nigeria independence and an independent government was established. After many (mostly) peaceful protests, Great Britain allowed Nigeria to ______________________ . Nationalism and the cause for independence from the British ______________________ of Nigeria’s ethnic groups. After World War II, more and more Nigerians encouraged nationalism and ______________________ . At first, they ______________________ . © Brain Wrinkles Pan-African & Independence CLOZE Notes 4

Independence Movements AFRICA’S Independence Movements Kenya and Nigeria © Brain Wrinkles

PAN-AFRICAN Movement © Brain Wrinkles

Colonization By the 20th century, European powers had colonized the majority of Africa. The only independent countries were Liberia and Ethiopia. Liberia was founded in 1822 by former American slaves. © Brain Wrinkles

Nationalism Africans resented their unequal status and lack of political rights under European control. They wanted to take control of their own governments, land, and resources. Nationalism, a feeling of strong pride in one’s own country, began to sweep across Africa and fed the desire for independence from European rule. © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African An example of African nationalism was the Pan-African movement that began in the late 1800s. The movement believed that all Africans shared a common heritage and should work together for their freedom. The Pan-African movement’s principles actually dated back to the slave trade era. The first Pan-African Congress occurred in 1900. © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African Congress Delegates © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African By the end of World War II, four more meetings had occurred. The fifth Pan-African Congress counted in 90 delegates, including the future leaders of Kenya and Ghana. Eventually, the influence of the movement began to fade, but not before pushing the cause of nationalism forward. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

Changes Africa began to change by the 1940s. The rule of tribal chiefs had weakened because of their links with colonial governments, thus limiting their ability to control people. An educated middle class that disliked colonial life began to grow in the cities. © Brain Wrinkles

Unrest The cost for European countries to maintain colonies was rising. By the second half of the century, unrest arose throughout the continent and African nations fought to free themselves from European control. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

KENYA © Brain Wrinkles

Republic of Kenya © Brain Wrinkles

Colonization For hundreds of years, outsiders did not enter the region now known as Kenya because of the fierce warrior tribes that inhabited the area. Arab traders took control of Kenya’s coast during the 1800s. Next came Germany and Great Britain, but by 1920, the British were the only foreigners who remained. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

Colonization Under British rule, native Kenyans had to pay high taxes and did not have the same access to education and jobs that whites did. The government also took land and gave it to British settlers and war veterans. © Brain Wrinkles

Opposition Most Kenyans were upset by their loss of rights as landowners to the British. They believed that their land was taken unfairly and opposition groups began to form. For several decades, small bands of armed resistance forces (guerillas) fought to eliminate white settlers in Kenya. © Brain Wrinkles

The Mau Mau was a secret society that believed force was the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence. © Brain Wrinkles

Rebellion In 1956, there was a violent rebellion that resulted in the deaths of thousands of Mau Mau fighters. Although the British army mostly defeated the guerillas, this movement gained a great deal of support among Kenyans. © Brain Wrinkles

© Brain Wrinkles

Change The Mau Mau uprising had spread nationalism throughout Kenya. It showed the British that Africans would fight back and raised global awareness about the struggle for independence in Kenya. Great Britain slowly began returning land to Kenya’s African citizens and also granting them improved rights. © Brain Wrinkles

Independence Kenyans were tired of being treated unfairly, and demanded to be free. On December 12th, 1963, the British Empire granted Kenya its independence. Jomo Kenyatta was the most influential leader of the freedom movement in Kenya, and was appointed as the nation’s first president. © Brain Wrinkles

Lancaster House Conference for Kenya’s Independence in 1963. © Brain Wrinkles

Kenyatta Kenyatta was a leader of the Kenyan African National Union, and during his presidency, began a campaign called harambee, which is Swahili for “let’s pull together.” Under Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel arap Moi, the KNAU ran unopposed in elections until the 1990s. The country remains a multi-party state, but the reality is that the KNAU is in control of the government. © Brain Wrinkles

Jomo Kenyatta -- The first president and “founding father” of Kenya. © Brain Wrinkles

Today By the time of his death in 1978, Kenyatta had helped Kenya become one of the most stable and economically dynamic countries in Africa. Even though there has been improvement in the political rights of Kenya’s people, more is still needed as there is a great deal of corruption within the country’s government. © Brain Wrinkles

Federal Republic of Nigeria © Brain Wrinkles

NIGERIA © Brain Wrinkles

Nigeria The country now known as Nigeria was a diverse region with more than 250 ethnic groups. Nigeria had maintained its independence until 1914 when Great Britain took over the area. © Brain Wrinkles

Nigerian Tribal Royalty – late 1800s © Brain Wrinkles

Unrest The British government took land from the Nigeria’s tribes and controlled most of the country’s resources. This angered many Nigerians so they started political parties to work for independence. Most Nigerians believed that the only way to have rights was to be completely free of European rule. © Brain Wrinkles

Change At first, they protested peacefully. After World War II, more and more Nigerians encouraged nationalism and demanded self-rule. Nationalism and the cause for independence from the British united the majority of Nigeria’s ethnic groups. © Brain Wrinkles

Independence After many (mostly) peaceful protests, Great Britain allowed Nigeria to elect its own government. On October 1st, 1960, Great Britain granted Nigeria independence and an independent government was established. At first, it was one of the most stable governments of the new African countries. © Brain Wrinkles

Nigerian Independence - 1960 © Brain Wrinkles

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Nigeria’s first prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa – Nigeria’s first prime minister. He was overthrown and murdered in a military coup in 1966. © Brain Wrinkles

Power Nigeria did not remain peaceful for long. Unfortunately, struggles for power between different ethnic groups have resulted in three military coups and a civil war. © Brain Wrinkles

Today Nigeria suffered from violence and military rule until 1999, when a democratic government was established. In recent years, political instability, religious competition, ethnic differences and the need to become more modern continue to plague Nigeria. © Brain Wrinkles

Nigerian Soldiers © Brain Wrinkles

Africa Today By 1966, all but six African countries were independent nation-states. Unfortunately, once the countries were independent of European rule, they still faced many challenges. Many of the new governments were politically unstable. © Brain Wrinkles

Africa Today European powers did not teach new leaders how to self-govern after granting them independence. Ethnic groups continue to clash over political power in many African nations. In some African countries, military dictators took over the governments. © Brain Wrinkles

African Independence Dates © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: Pan-African Stamp Print off the Pan-African Stamp handout for each student. The students will design a stamp to represent the Pan-African Movement. They should include symbols or key words to represent the movement’s purpose and what it ended up inspiring (nationalism across Africa). They will also write a caption that describes the stamp’s design. © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African Movement Stamp Directions: Design a stamp that represents the Pan-African Movement. You should included symbols or key words to represent the movement’s purpose and what it ended up inspiring. In the textbox, explain your stamp’s design and its significance to the Pan-African Movement. Stamp Description: © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: Get Your Game On Print off the Game handout for each student. The students will create a video game about one of the country’s independence movements. On the front (right side), they will design an all-encompassing cover about the country’s struggle for independence. On the back (left side) they will draw one exciting “level” and summarizes it in the textbox. © Brain Wrinkles

Get Your Game On Directions: Create a video game about either Kenya or Nigeria’s independence movement. On the front (right side), design a cover that portrays the event. Be sure to include significant people or things involved. Write your game title on the spine. On the back, design a screenshot of the most exciting “level” in your game and write a brief summary of the game (historical event). SSii © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: You Are There Diary Print off the You Are There Diary handout for each student. The students will write a diary entry as if they were living through the independence movement of either Kenya or Nigeria. *The students should keep in mind that this is not a report on the event but the thoughts and feelings of someone living through it. The diary should include key terms and people involved with the event. © Brain Wrinkles

You Are There… Diary Dear Journal, Directions: Write a diary entry as if you were living through the independence movement of either Kenya or Nigeria. Keep in mind this is not a report on the event but the thoughts and feelings of someone living through it. Your diary should include key terms and people involved with the event. Dear Journal, _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: Throwback Thursday Print off the Throwback Thursday handout for each student. The students will imagine they traveled back in time to Kenya and Nigeria when the countries were seeking independence from Great Britain and will draw the last 6 pictures in their Instagram feed. (All of the pictures should directly relate to important information learned about each country’s independence movement.) Next, they will write a caption that explains what’s happening in the picture to all of their followers. © Brain Wrinkles

Throwback Thursday? Directions: Imagine that you traveled back in time to Kenya and Nigeria when the countries were seeking independence from Great Britain. What important events did you witness? What would the last six pictures in your Instagram feed look like? (All of the pictures should directly relate to important information that you have learned about both countries’ independence movements.) Next, write a caption that explains what’s happening in the picture to all of your followers. © Brain Wrinkles

TEACHER INFO: Comprehension Check Print off the Comprehension Check for each student. After the lesson, have the students answer the questions. *This could also be used as a quiz.   © Brain Wrinkles

Pan-African & Independence 1. Which African country was founded by former American slaves? 2. What is nationalism? 3. What was the purpose of the Pan-African movement? 4. After the Pan-African movement pushed the cause of nationalism forward, what did many Africans begin to do? 5. Why did it take so long for foreigners to enter the area now known as Kenya? 6. What guerilla group staged a huge rebellion in 1956? 7. Even though the British army defeated the Mau Mau, how could the rebellion be considered a success for Kenyan independence? 8. Why were the Nigerian people upset under colonial rule? 9. About how many ethnic groups made up the area now known as Nigeria? 10. What united all of these ethnic groups? 11. Which European power granted both Kenya and Nigeria their independence? 12. What was Nigeria’s government like after it gained independence (from 1966 to 1999)? © Brain Wrinkles Pan-African & Independence Comprehension Check

TEACHER INFO: Ticket Out the Door Print off the Recycle It Ticket Out the Door for each student (two-per-page). Have the students connect today’s lesson with something that they’ve previously learned. They will explain how the “recycled material” relates to the new concepts from today’s lesson. © Brain Wrinkles

Recycle It Recycle It Topic: Topic: Explanation: Explanation: Name: Name: Recycle It Recycle It Name something that you’ve previously learned that relates to today’s lesson. Explain the connection. Name something that you’ve previously learned that relates to today’s lesson. Explain the connection. Topic: Topic: Explanation: Explanation: © Brain Wrinkles © Brain Wrinkles