Self-Defense To protect self and others from immediate threat of serious bodily injury or death Defense of property only works if the threat is using deadly force. If someone tries to steal something and is moving away from you, deadly force is unnecessary. If in the process of theft, the thief uses deadly force, you can too. Defense of home > 1)intruder is about to unlawfully enter (2)the intruder intends to commit a felony or injure an occupant AND (3)deadly force is necessary to stop the intruder.

Entrapment Duty of officers is to prevent, not punish, crime First successful entrapment defense occurred during Prohibition (1932) Subjective test for entrapment used by fed and most state courts – requires the police lure the subject into committing the crime and the defendant was not predisposed to commit the crime (subjective because of predisposition) Objective test requires police lure defendant into committing crime by doing something that creates a substantial risk for the commission of an offense by those willing to commit it

Abscam operation – FBI received information that certain Congressmen were receiving bribes They invented a phone Arab sheik that offered bribes to these men The operation was filmed, and the entrapment defense failed because the FBI presented an opportunity but did not make the men accept the bribes DeLorean case succeeded DeLorean left Ford and started making his own cars Due to a gas crisis, the did not sell well Government agents approached him with a deal to import $24 million in cocaine and filmed his acceptance Lawyers argued DeLorean had a clean record, unreliable witnesses, and entrapment

Common sting operations include Prostitution and drugs Fake pawnshops Decoy cars Fake websites Phony ads

Youth, Gangs, and violence 40% of all people arrested are under 25 yoa Three-fourths of those are males Males account for 80% of all violent-crime arrests Street robbers are violent criminals that often want money for drugs, food, or goods Their victims are often weak and vulnerable Usually belong to same ethnic group

Youth gangs Often groups of immigrants or poor and often in large cities (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, LA) Often territorial which causes violence (turf warfare) Commit crimes involving larceny, shootings, drugs, etc Motorcycle gangs developed in poor white areas Racism, hatred, and violence (shaved heads) Some gangs turned into radicals for political protests Crips and Bloods in LA, California (70s)– spread and started sporting colors and signs to identify each other 80s – Cocaine made it to America

Due to cheap price and availability, these new gangs became drug-dealing networks Cash, ties to Latin American suppliers, spreading empires, and automatic weapons increased violence 2000 – gang-related killings decreased, but the number of gangs increased Gangs became trans-national (operating in different countries) as many deported Latino criminals started branches> 18th St Gang (Latino), MS-13 (Central Am) have around 40,000 members and commit robbery, kidnapping, murder, &traffic humans, weapons, and drugs across borders

Young people join gangs: To fit in Safety (60 times more likely to be killed than non-gang members) Opportunity to make money (few do bec they pay leaders) #1 reason is FEAR Three types of gangs Corporate – highly organized and focus is to make money Territorial – focus on protecting their turf (violence) Scavenger – least organized, low-achieving, and prone to violence (vendettas and revenge)

White-collar crime Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation Bank and securities fraud Selling stocks with false information Credit with a fake ID take advantage of their power and violate public trust in our economic system

Enron Corporation based in Houston Started as a natural gas pipeline company and moved to an energy trading company (middleman) Branched out and made some risky, unsuccessful investments Tried to hide their debt in off-shore partnership companies and falsified financial records, claiming it received more money that it actually did Revenue “increases” made stock appealing to investors Accounting firm (nation’s largest) did not catch frauds 2000- reported over $100,000 in profits

A deal to distribute movies over the internet fell through SEC started investigating after a bankrupt energy company owed Enron +$500 million Frauds unveiled, stock plummeted, thousands of employees lost jobs Some top executives were charged and convicted Accounting firm was convicted of obstruction of justice and went out of business Changed laws regarding corporation audits

Bernard madoff Bernard “Bernie” Madoff Investment Securities LLC Exposed in 2008 Trusted and respected >seen as innovator and visionary Began trading after two major stock exchanges closed Developed software to trade quickly and efficiently – later used by NASDAQ (1st electronic stock exchange) Created investment fund that turned into a Ponzi Scheme (returns high but believable; exclusive club) 2008 market crash led to large funds demanding money > admitted to sons what he had done and they turned him in to avoid losing everything

Plead guilty to 11 federal felonies = 150 years Accountant – 9 federal felonies Madoff’s second in command plead guilty Many investors committed suicide Pension funds, university endowments, and charities lost large amounts of money and some shut down As early as 1999, one financial analyst tried to tell the SEC, the media, and the financial industry but was ignored

Swindles and con artists Can be large or small games Con artists are bright, articulate people They are actors and can work in groups Most rely on a little now for a lot later If it seems too good to be true, it probably is, and don’t say yes to schemes of strangers Pigeon Drop Fake money in envelope > split evenly (lawyer) > held by neutral party for a fee > keeps the fee but there isn’t any money to split

Phony Prize or Sweepstakes Offer Bank Examiner Swindle Victim chosen at bank > banker embezzling money > needs withdrawal and an agent will examine the serial numbers > never seen again Phony Prize or Sweepstakes Offer Collection fee Telemarketing Scams Schemes to fix bad credit or get a credit card for a fee Phony educational grants for a fee/ phony travel offers Overpriced magazing subscriptions Work-at-home that promises huge incomes Fake offers of loan payment Fake calls for personal information

Internet Fraud Phony sales, prizes, and investment opportunities Phony auctions (electronics, vehicles, etc.) A request of cash is a clear sign of fraud Phishing > spam from a bank or credit card company that requires updating passwords and credit card information > response allows a spending spree Nigerian money scam > claims to be a foreign official that needs help getting gems or money out of the country > promises a share to whoever helps and has pictures and documents, and she acts desperate > people give money thinking they will share a fortune