10.6 Troubled Times for John Adams (pt. 2) pp. 347-350

Objective: Discuss how the Federalist Party lost power.

Review: 1. Who was unanimously elected as the nation’s first President? 2. What city served as our first national capital under the new administration? 3. A President’s official advisors are collectively known by what term? 4. Identify the members of Washington’s cabinet and the offices they held. 5. What legislation set up the organization of the Supreme Court and the lower federal court system? 6. Define unconstitutional— 7. Who was the nation’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

Review: 8. Define national debt— 9. What were the three parts of Hamilton’s plan to get the nation on a sound economic footing (see brace map)? 10. Define excise taxes— 11. Define tariffs— 12. Why did Southern states object to Hamilton’s plan for paying off state debts (i.e. assumption)? 13. What was promised to Southern states in exchange for their support in paying off Northern state debts? 14. Washington demonstrated the strength of the new federal government by crushing what rebellion?

Review: 15. At what battle did General “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeat a confederation of Native Americans in the Ohio Valley? 16. In what treaty did the Native Americans agree to give up most of the land in present-day Ohio? 17. Define neutral— 18. What proclamation did Washington issue to keep the U.S. out of war with either Britain or France? 19. Which French diplomat plotted to ignore Washington’s neutrality order and equip U.S. ships to fight the British? 20. Define impressed— 21. Why did the Jay Treaty infuriate many Americans? 22. What were the provisions of Pinckney’s Treaty? 23. Against what three things did Washington warn in his Farewell Address?

Review 24. What were followers of Hamilton known as? 25. What were followers of Jefferson and Madison known as? 26. Define political party— 27. Which party favored rule by the wealthy and educated class? 28. Which party placed an emphasis on farming? 29. Which party favored rule by the (common) people? 30. Which party placed an emphasis on manufacturing and trade? 31. Which party favored a strong national government? 32. Which party favored a strict/literal interpretation of the Constitution? 33. Which party favored strong state governments? 34. Which party favored a loose/flexible interpretation of the Constitution? 35. Who won the Election of 1796 to become the 2nd President of the U.S.? 36. What was unusual about the results of the Election of 1796? 37. Define caucus--

Review: 38. What insulting event involved three French agents demanding both a bribe and a huge loan of money before negotiating with American agents? 39. Define aliens— 40. Define sedition— 41. According to the Alien and Sedition Acts, how long would it now take an immigrant to become a U.S. citizen? 42. The Alien and Sedition Acts also made it a crime to speak or write critically about whom?

A. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (p. 347) The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts were in violation of the Constitution. They also maintained that the people of each state had the right to nullify, or cancel, a federal law within that state. Federalists responded that only the Supreme Court—not the states—could declare laws unconstitutional.

B. The Election of 1800 (p. 348) In the 1800 election, both Democratic-Republican candidates (Jefferson and Burr) received 73 electoral votes. According to the Constitution, the tie-breaking vote now went to the House of Representatives. Alexander Hamilton persuaded some Federalist members of the House to support Jefferson, who became the nation’s third President. The 12th Amendment to the Constitution (passed in 1804) calls on electors to vote on separate ballots for the President and Vice President.

C. The Federalist Legacy (p. 349) The Federalists had given the nation a solid foundation during a crucial time and had overseen the addition of three new states—Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. Adams tried to preserve the Federalist view of the Constitution by appointing many federal judges who would hold office for their lifetimes. The most important of these “midnight judges” was John Marshall, named as chief justice.

D. A New Capital (p. 349) Another Federalist legacy was the new capital city, named for George Washington after his death in 1799. Although denied the right of citizenship, Benjamin Banneker, a highly skilled African American scientist and mathematician, helped to plan the city. The city plan was drawn by French-born architect, Pierre Charles L’Enfant, and was to have broad avenues, a long tree-lined mall, and impressive classical-style buildings.

Review: 43. What two resolutions were drawn up by Jefferson and Madison to question the legality of the Alien and Sedition Acts? 44. Define nullify— 45. What was unusual about the results of the Election of 1800? 46. Who used his influence to get the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson as the 3rd President of the U.S.? 47. Which amendment to the Constitution calls on electors to vote on separate ballots for President and Vice President? 48. Who was the most important of the so-called “midnight judges”? 49. Identify the French-born architect and planner of Washington DC? 50. What African-American scientist and mathematician helped lay out the boundaries of our national capital?