Volume 27, Issue 14, Pages 2211-2218.e8 (July 2017) The Discovery of Wild Date Palms in Oman Reveals a Complex Domestication History Involving Centers in the Middle East and Africa  Muriel Gros-Balthazard, Marco Galimberti, Athanasios Kousathanas, Claire Newton, Sarah Ivorra, Laure Paradis, Yves Vigouroux, Robert Carter, Margareta Tengberg, Vincent Battesti, Sylvain Santoni, Laurent Falquet, Jean-Christophe Pintaud, Jean-Frédéric Terral, Daniel Wegmann  Current Biology  Volume 27, Issue 14, Pages 2211-2218.e8 (July 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.045 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Date Palm Population Structure as Inferred from Seed Morphology and Microsatellites (A) Mixture proportions based on seed shapes of 348 Phoenix samples modeled as a mixture of two normal distributions. (B and C) Admixture proportions with K = 3 (B, top) and K = 4 (B, bottom) and principal component analysis (C, variance explained in parentheses) of 532 Phoenix samples inferred at 17 microsatellite markers. Results in (B) are “stacked” underneath the corresponding sample from (A). (D) Neighbor-joining tree of the same samples grouped by geographic location and setting P. sylvestris accessions as outgroup. White and black circles indicate nodes with >50% and >95% bootstrap support, respectively. Color coding: black, P. sylvestris and P. atlantica; dark blue, Middle Eastern/Indian/Pakistan cultivated date palms; light blue, African/South European date palms; orange, putative wild date palms. See also Figures S1, S2, and S4 and Table S2. Current Biology 2017 27, 2211-2218.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.045) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Population Genetic Analyses of Whole-Genome Data (A) Principal component analysis of genotype likelihoods at ∼7 million SNPs. The variance explained by each principal component (PC) is given in parentheses. (B) Historical effective population sizes inferred using the multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent (MSMC) method from three representative samples of each population. (C) Phylogenetic tree of genotypes at ∼7 million SNPs setting P. sylvestris as outgroup. Black circles indicate nodes with >95% bootstrap support. (D) Population graph with one migration edge (strength 34%) inferred with TreeMix when setting P. sylvestris as outgroup. (E) Maximum composite likelihood estimates of demographic parameters inferred with fastsimcoal2 and drawn to scale. Population sizes are indicated in thousands and times in generations, as inferred assuming a mutation rate of 2.5 × 10−8. WILD, wild date palms; AFR, African cultivated date palms; ME, Middle Eastern cultivated date palms. See also Figure S3, Table S3, and Methods S1. Current Biology 2017 27, 2211-2218.e8DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.045) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions