Cell Structures

CELLS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic I. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Smaller Larger No True Nucleus True Nucleus - Genetic material is found in cytoplasm. - Genetic material is bound by a membrane No specialized organelles *except ribosomes Contain specialized organelles EX: Plants, Animals, Protists, & Fungi EX: Bacteria & Archaea

Animal Cell

Plant Cell Cell wall

MRS. R. GRENT Cell Wall Lies outside cell membrane Not in animal cells Structure Function/Other Info Support & protection Cell Wall Lies outside cell membrane Not in animal cells In Plants, made of cellulose In Fungi, made of chitin In Bacteria, made of peptidoglycan Controls what enters/ leaves the cell (selectively permeable) Composed of lipids & proteins *Transport & Excretion Cell Membrane MRS. R. GRENT

Structure Function/Other Info Supporting network of long, thin protein fibers in cytoplasm Made of microtubules and microfilaments Microtubules: made of protein tubulin, form rigid skeleton, assist in moving substances within cell (organelles, vesicles, chromosomes); also help build centrioles, cilia and flagella (hair-like structures used for cell movement) Microfilaments: made of protein actin, give cell shape, enable entire cell or parts of cell to move *Movement, Transport Cytoskeleton MRS. R. GRENT

Cilia Flagella

Structure Function/Other Info Watery fluid between membrane and nucleus that contains organelles Cytoplasm Contains hereditary information (DNA) Surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope Dense nucleolus produces ribosomes *Regulation Nucleus MRS. R. GRENT

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure Function Ribosome PROTEIN SYNTHESIS* Rough ER has ribosomes attached that will produce proteins for export from the cell Smooth ER synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids, detoxifies harmful substances Endoplasmic Reticulum MRS. R. GRENT

Structure Function Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles, which can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to release proteins into the membrane or outside environment (attaches carbohydrates & lipids to proteins) Golgi Body MRS. R. GRENT

MRS. R. GRENT Vacuole Stores food, water, wastes Structure Function Stores food, water, wastes Large in plant cells; Small in animal cells Contractile Vacuole in some freshwater Protists – pumps excess water out of cell Vacuole Produce spindle fibers (microtubules) to help separate chromosomes during cell division (reproduction) Animal cells only Centrioles MRS. R. GRENT

Structure Function Contain digestive enzymes to break down food, old organelles, bacteria, viruses Some Protists & Animal cells only *Nutrition Lysosome MRS. R. GRENT

Structure Function Use energy from sunlight to make glucose & oxygen (photosynthesis) Not in animal cells Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) to absorb sunlight *Nutrition Chloroplast Mitochondria Release energy from glucose to produce ATP *Aerobic Respiration “Powerhouse” MRS. R. GRENT

*Endosymbiotic Theory- *Endosymbiosis- One organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both. *Endosymbiotic Theory- Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells. Evidence: They have their own DNA They can make their own proteins They can self-replicate They have an inner and outer membrane (inner = original bacterial membrane; outer = vesicle when engulfed by larger cell)