Aim: How did Decolonization Happen in South Asia and Africa? Period 6: 1900 – the Present Nelson Mandela’s birth name was Rolihlahla Mandela. He was given the English name “Nelson” in school.

Atlantic Charter Aug 14, 1941 The US and Britain agreed to support the restoration of self-government to those nations who had lost it during the war, and declared the right of people to sovereignty.

Independence in South Asia A) During WWII Gandhi demanded the British leave India in exchange for Indian sepoy participation in the war imprisonment of the entire Congress leadership. B) 1947 Britain granted India independence. The Indian National Congress reluctantly accepted the creation of Pakistan to appease the Muslim League. The region of Kashmir was a principality still ruled by a prince.

Gandhi Assassinated January 30, 1948, New Delhi, India by a Hindu fanatic who was upset Gandhi was negotiating with the Muslim League.

Kashmir Lake (Left), Henna pre-Wedding (Top Right), Rice Harvest (Bottom Right)

Independence in South Asia Continued… C) The debate over which nation would gain Kashmir  India-Pakistan War 1947–48. Kashmir joined India, but Pakistan has not given up its claim. D) 1971 Pakistan declared Urdu the national language  Bangla speaking Bengalis pushed for self-government  riots. Pakistan used napalm and raped. Bangladeshis call this attempted genocide. After 11 days of violence, Bangladesh became a new nation.

Pakistani and Indian Border Guards Dance in a Nightly Celebration Celebrating the Closing of the Border Each Evening.

Bangladesh Today A rally in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh 2013 Bangladeshi Village Women, 2008

General Douglas MacArthur Japan Post WWII Sept 1945, General Douglas MacArthur took charge of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP) [including Britain, Russia and China]. Due to fear of communism, the US began rebuilding Japan. They dismantled the Japanese army. A new constitution made the emperor a figurehead, and gave greater rights to women. General Douglas MacArthur

The Road to African Independence A) Recall the Pan African Movement of the early 20th century wanted to unify blacks around the world, gain equal rights, education, and independence. B) The Negritude Movement was born out of the Pan African Movement. “Négritude is a cultural movement launched in 1930s Paris by French-speaking black students from France's colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. These black intellectuals converged around issues of race identity to combat French imperialism…” C) Kwame Nkrumah gained independence for Ghana in 1957, leading the way for other African nations to follow. - Bertrade Ngo-Ngijol Banoum –Lehman College

Celebration of Ghana’s 57th Year of Independence, 2014! Kwame Nkrumah “A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny. It is this factor which makes neo-colonialism such a serious threat to world peace.” Celebration of Ghana’s 57th Year of Independence, 2014!

The Road to African Independence Continued… D) In 1948, the National Party (NP) won the all-white elections and passed apartheid laws that legalized racism and segregation in South Africa. In the early 1960s Nelson Mandela (1918 – 2013) and other anti-apartheid leaders were imprisoned on charges of treason. In May 1961, South Africa declared independence from Britain. 1990 vNelson Mandela was released from prison. 1991 the last apartheid era laws were abolished. The country's first nonracial elections were held April 1994  Nelson Mandela becoming the first black President of South Africa on May 10, 1994 (through 1999). http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-africa/history Nelson Mandela

South Africans line up at the counter at a government office to get their new passbooks in Johannesburg, South Africa, April 7, 1960.

Ntandoyenkosi Kunene crowned Miss South Africa 2016. South Africa vs. Bangladesh 2016, World Cup Johannesburg, South Africa

Describe the process of “Decolonization” in South Asia AND Africa. Key Vocabulary Apartheid Atlantic Charter Bangladesh Ghana India – Pakistan War Kashmir Korematsu Kwame Nkrumah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Negritude Movement Nelson Mandela Pakistan Pan African Movement South Africa Summary Questions Describe the process of “Decolonization” in South Asia AND Africa.