Animal Behavior Chapter 33

Behavior Any response to a stimulus

Reflexes No conscious control: cannot not do these Closing eyes when you sneeze Turning away from bright light Turning away when a hockey puck comes at you

Innate Behavior Instinct! Does not have to be taught Results from natural selection and helps a species survive - Examples Suckling: Babies know how to nurse Newborn fawns immediately try to stand and walk Dogs chase animals that run away from them Puppies chew

Learned Behavior Behavior changes through practice or experience Behavior is learned! Four main types Habituation Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Insight Learning

Classical Conditioning Mental connection between a stimulus and a reward Learning by association! Pavlov’s experiment Dog hearing garage door open and runs to the door Cat hearing can opener and runs to kitchen

Habituation Become used to something over time No longer hear the noise of a busy road next to your house Dogs no longer reacts to a certain person entering the house

Operant Conditioning Animal learns to repeat behaviors that result in rewards and avoids those that lead to punishment Trial and error learning Do a trick and receive a biscuit Do well on a test and receive a good grade

Insight Learning Most complicated learning Taking what you learned and applying it to a new situation Solving complex puzzles Chimps using a box to get the fruit

Imprinting Forming an attachment at a critical time in development Ducklings will follow whomever they see right after hatching

Instinctive Behavior in Animals Courtship behavior ensures reproduction Territoriality reduces competition Aggressive behavior is used to threaten other animals and establish dominance Rarely ends in injury Losing animal shows submission Submission leads to dominance hierarchies

Dominance Hierarchy Pecking Order Levels of social rankings Top to bottom Chickens, Wolf Packs

Rhythm instinctive behaviors Circadian rhythm - 24 hour sleeping and waking cycle based on night and day Light-regulated Humans awake during day - diurnal Owls, sugargliders awake at night – nocturnal Migration - based on seasons Birds migrate south Whales migrate between breeding and feeding grounds Change in day length stimulates behavior

Hibernation Estivation State of reduced metabolism (breathing rate and body temperature) in response to changing seasons Bears, ground squirrels Estivation State of reduced metabolism in areas of intense heat from drought or low food supplies Toads in the desert

Which behavior is it? 1. 2. Dog hears keys and thinks it is going for a walk. Even on the weekend, a person wakes up at 7:30 am. 4. You need to do an experiment for Biology and you have to use what you have learned 6. Sea lions sleep farther away from the center of the group depending on their status in the group 5. Birds migrate to the south in the winter and north in the summer.