Sex Chromosomes Gonads (reproduction) Hormones External genitalia (penis, vagina) Internal organs (ovaries, seminal vesicle) Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, hair)

Sexual Organ Development Undifferentiated gonads until week 6 Mullerian system Turns into fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina if no anti-Mullerian hormone present Wolffian system Turns into vas deferens, seminal vesicles if androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) present

Sex Development Hormones present in the womb determine: Internal reproductive organs (ovaries or testes) External genitalia (vagina or penis) Brain organization

Intersexual Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: XX w/androgens, ambiguous gen. Testosterone biosynthetic defects: XY no d.test., ext. XX genitalia Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome: XY w/o anti-Mull = both int Turner’s syndrome: XO = no testes or ovaries, XX int & ext Androgen insensitivity syndrome: XY w/int. testes, ext. XX gen. Gonadal dysgenesis: XY w/o androgens= XY ducts, XX genitalia Micropenis: XY w/o 2nd androgen stage; testos at puberty can fix Sry gene translocation: XX males, sry gene moves to X chromo. Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: XY w/ambiguous genitalia 5-Alpha reductase deficiency: XY testos. dis.=XY body, XX gen Klinefelter syndrome: XXY = small penis/testes, low andro, breasts Timing defect: XY w/ambiguous external genitalia

Sex & Gender Differences Brain development trajectory Play patterns Goals, preferences

Theories of Gender Identity Social Learning Theory Imitation + shaping Gender Schema Theory rules

Studying Sexuality Kinsey Report Janus Report Sexual Deviance Masturbation, premarital sex, homosexuality, sex drive in males/females over time Janus Report Sexual Deviance Paraphilia (transvestite, fetish, exhibition)

Sexual Attraction Automatic NS reaction Sexual orientation and: Brain: hypothalamus, rams Genetics: 52% Id twins, 22% fraternal, 11% adopted; region of x chromosome related to increased sexuality focused on males Womb hormones: stress, rats mounting, multiple boys

Normal Sexual Response Phase One: Excitement Phase Two: Plateau Phase Three: Orgasm Phase Four: Resolution Refractory period

Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual Desire Disorders Sexual Arousal Disorders Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual aversion disorder Sexual Arousal Disorders Female sexual arousal disorder Male erectile disorder

Sexual Dysfunctions Orgasmic Disorders Sexual Pain Disorders Male orgasmic disorder Female orgasmic disorder Premature ejaculation Sexual Pain Disorders Vaginismus Dyspareunia

Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions Organic Illness (diabetes, cancer, strokes), drug side effects, surgery, physical disability, drug use (cocaine, alcohol, barbiturates, nicotine) Sociocultural Negative attitudes towards sex Psychological Stress/anxiety, low self-esteem, poor body image, relationship problems, previous traumatic events Combination

Sexual Dysfunctions Treatment Medication, psychotherapy, hormone therapy, stress reduction, behavioral therapy, sensate focus