African Colonial History KEY TO UNDERSTANDING AFRICAN UNDERDEVELOPMENT ORIGINS AND MYTHS

Colonial Motives Economic Interpretation- raw materials, minerals and agricultural products Missionary Influence and abolitionism (Divide Religiously) Pseudo-Scientific Racism European Rivalries Cultural Imperialism and Racism

Theme “We have the Maxim Gun, They Have None” Hillaire Blazac

Issue: The Crusher “Bula Matari came to represent [the] alien authority…” Crawford Young describes Henry Morton Stanley

Further Reading Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Later film, Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost

The Scramble for Africa Triangular Trade to 1800 Legitimate Trade and Spheres of Influence Spheres of Influence (the China Model) The Role of the Trading Companies German East African Company French West African Trading Company British East and British South African Companies

The Scramble for Africa France, Germany and European Rivalries Belgium, King Leopold and the “Congo Free State” Congresses of Berlin: 1878 and 1884-85

Origins of Colonialism: 1890-1914 West Africa: French vs. British and Assimilation vs. Indirect Rule From Company Rule to Indirect Rule Smaller Powers East Africa: Settlers and Imperialism German Authoritarianism, White Highlands British East Africa Company

Origins of Colonialism Central and Southern Africa Jan van Riebeck and the Cape- 1652 Britain- Cape Colony: 1815 Cecil John Rhodes: British South Africa Company The Rhodesias and Nyasaland- Company Rule to 1923 From Federation to UDI

Styles of Colonialism- Tactics and Methods Force, Trickery, sub-imperialism (client kingdoms) and Authoritarian Prefectoralism Carl Peters and his Bags full of Treaties Sir Samuel Baker and his Hungarian Wife Stimulate alliances and rivalries among different ethnic and religious groups Use of Indigenous Forces: Create African Armies Use puppet rulers, appoint chiefs in “stateless systems, use District Commissioners (Prefects)

Patterns of Colonial Rule Parallel Rule vs. Indirect Rule- Britain Assimilation- France Portugal and France Federations vs. Fragmentation- Francophone vs. East Africa Special Role of Settler Colonies

Discussion “Do Things Fall Apart in Africa After 1870?

The Colonial Administrative State Integration- Algeria and Lusophone Overseas territories and provinces- France Colonial Office and the Overseas Governor Cultural Sub-Nationalism: Buganda, Ashanti and South Africa

British Colonialism Sir Frederick Lugard, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (London: 1922).

Types of Territories Without European Settlers- Nkrumah and the Mosquito Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone Without European Settlers- Protectorates Uganda, Zanzibar, Nyasaland With European Settlers (No Home rule) Kenya, Tanzania, Northern Rhodesia With European Settlers (Home rule) Rhodesia, South Africa, South West Africa (after 1920)

Colonial Processes Oxbridge Generalists Major Ralph Furse and Gentlemen Administrators LEGCO, EXECO and Unofficial Advisors (Europeans, Arabs and Indians, and Late a few Africans) “Multi-racialism” vs. Ornamentalism

British Colonial Structures Parliament Treasury Secretary of State for Colonies Colonial Office London Secretary for Foreign and Dominion Affairs

Structure of British Colonialism Colonial Office London Ghana Tanganyika Governor or High Commissioner Executive Council Legislative Council Uganda

Colonial Administration Governor Provincial Commissioner Provincial Officer District Commissioner l Commissioner Provincial Education Officer Government Secretary/ Secretariat

Colonial Administration District Commissioner DAO Agricultural Demonstrator District Education Officer District School Inspector DMO DPWD District Officer

Colonial Administration District Commissioner District Officer DO Paramount Chief

“Tribal” Administration Paramount Chief Sub-Chief Head Man Village Leader

Colonial Structures-1956 Parliament and Cabinet-London Colonial Office Governor and Colonial Secretariat Legco And Execo Departments District Offices Commonwealth And Foreign Office Treasury Colonial Welfare And Development Office

Traditional Government Two Structures National Systems Paramount Chief (King) Advisors Native Councils Traditional Meeting Place Sub-Chiefs Headmen Judicial System

Imperial Systems King Chief Sub-Chiefs And Headmen King’s Representative Inner Council Outer Council

Parallel Rule The External Protectorate Soldiers, Missionaries and Police Settlers: Eastern and Southern Africa

Origins of Indirect Rule INDIRECT RULE THEORISTS Lord Lugard and Northern Nigeria Theophilus Shepstone in Natal Sir Donald Cameroon in Tanganyika

"Tribal Administration“ and Indirect Rule Traditional vs. “Tribal” Rule Modification of Parallel or Dual Rule Goal: Legal/Rational Model Modification of Tradition Training of tribal administrator

Indirect Rule System Chief Tribal Secretary Clerks Treasury Court Police Council Sub-Chiefs Headmen

French Colonialism Meaning of Assimilation Direct Rule Use of Traditional Authorities as French Administrators Replacement of Traditional Authorities by Soldiers In Practice Assimilation was Association British and French administrative Practice not that different in rural Africa

French Colonialism The Concept of Permanent Association Goal a French Language Union (Political Economic and Social) Paris and A Single, highly centralized system- World Wide Facade of Direct Rule

French Colonial Structures France Overseas: Indochina, Caribbean North Africa: Tunisia, Morocco, the Department of Algeria L’Afrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF) L’Afrique Equitoriale Francaise (AEF) The Mandates: Togo, Cameroons

French Colonial Structures French Executive And Cabinet French National Assembly ( Nominal African Reps. Ministry of Overseas Affairs French Civil and Colonial Services

French Colonial Structures Governor General Of the Federation Territorial Governor Secretariat and Staff Old Communes: St. Louis Rep. in French Assembly

French Colonial Structures Governor Commandant (Prefect) Chef de subdivisions District Chiefs Sub-Chiefs And Headmen De cercle

French Decolonization The Concept of the French Union France and World War II: French Africa and Vichy Socialist Governments and Socialist Empires Collapse of Federation, the Loi Cadre of 1956 DeGaulle and the 1958 Referendum

SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS Germany: Lost Colonies: German East Africa, German South West Africa, Cameroons and Togo Belgium: Monarch’s Private Property (Congo Free State) Rwanda, Burundi- Primary Education, Church, Mineral Extraction Portugal: Post-Revolutionary States. Four Centuries of Neglect, Massive Amounts of Settlers Post-WWI and WWII-Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde

SMALLER COLONIAL POWERS Italy: National Grandeur, Battle of Adowa, Mussolini- Italian Somaliland, Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia (1937-1940) Spain: Colonial Remnants of Slave Trade- Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Equatorial Guinea Holland: From Cape Colony to Dutch Republics Orange Free State, Transvaal, French Protestants, Germans-South Africa (Apartheid)

Themes of Colonial Rule Psychological Dependence and Revolution Racial animosity and “love-hate” cultural links (Indians, Arabs, Europeans) Absence of Core State Nationalism as a Product of Colonialism Gender, Race and Class debates

Discussion Similarities and Differences: Richard Rive Chinua Achebe Crawford Young

NEXT WEEK “Seek ye first the political kingdom, all else will follow” Kwame Nkrumah