THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Time Period:1750 – 1900 Region: England (Great Britain) - Diffusion of the I.R. occurs through out this time period worldwide (In order, Europe, US, Japan, Russia are first to follow) Background: Ideas of private property and opportunity from the Enlightenment are embraced, and as opportunities for personal wealth rise, the ideas of equality for all are ignored.

Before the Industrial Revolution Fastest form of transportation on land? Water? Typical job for all people? Typical distance travelled from home? Typical household goods? Where did peoples clothes come from?

Cause # 1: England’s Wealth: Capital The Age of Exploration and colonization made many English merchants very wealthy These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials

Cause # 2: England’s Access to Raw Materials Food – B/C of crops from New world, population is skyrocketing, which = massive labor force, lots of people eager to move to cities looking for work Coal – massive natural reserves of coal near the surface – used to power the first engine, the Steam Engine Iron – basic building block of large machines, railroad tracks, trains, and ships Iron production went up from 17,000 tons in 1740 to 3 million tons in 1844 – more than the rest of the world was producing combined! Great Britain produced as much coal and iron as every other country combined in the mid 1700s

Cause # 3: New Technology New farm tech: seed drill, improved breeding and crop rotation methods = farming could be done by fewer people = people moving to cities to find jobs Mass production/Division of Labor - Machine tools, interchangeable parts The electric Telegraph Main invention: Steam Engine – leads to Mechanization Led to steamships, railroads, factories This encouraged other inventors after seeing profits, chain reaction

James Watt and the Steam Engine

Cause #4: Colonies and Improving Trade (places to sell their stuff) Better roads to improve land transport England had more colonies than any other nation by 1750 Places to sell exports: Tools, Guns, clocks, cotton and wool textiles ($$$$) Its colonies gave England access to vast amounts of raw materials not available in England Rubber, Coal, Cotton, Iron, Timber, etc. Most successful colonies include the American colonies and India

The British Empire at its Height (C. 1800-1850)

Cause # 5: Geography Island has excellent harbors and ports Many rivers and canals for transportation Government is stable (Magna Carta C. 1200) Legal Protection of Property (English Bill of Rights C. 1700)

EFFECTS of the Industrial Revolution In groups: Brainstorm before we move on – what are some possible effects the Industrial Revolution had, based on what you know thus far?

Farming Before the Industrial Revolution Agricultural methods had not changed much since the Middle Ages Tools – hoe, sickle, wooden plow Three-field system – farmers left 1/3 of the land fallow (unplanted) each year to restore fertility to the soil

Effect # 1: Farming Upgrades The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed More food surplus The industrial revolution created the ability to produce more crops, and rapidly increasing populations increased the need for more crops. Food to eat Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

Effect 1.5 – Cotton and Iron!! All of the wonder of Industrialization was first used to turn raw materials (Cotton, Iron, Coal), into manufactured goods (Cotton Textiles!!!!!!) Think of how many goods you use are cloth!!!! Iron was made much cheaper and in a higher quality way – discovered in England in the 1790s – breakthrough for making tools, weapons, door hinges, pots, pans, forks, bridges,

Effect # 2:Factory System New Steam Engine used to create massive buildings that house giant machines powered by steam Mechanization of industry (cotton was first) Higher productivity, lower costs Example: India – 500 Hours to spin 1 lb. cotton Factory in England – 80 minutes by 1830, 1 person Concentrated labor in a single location - Easier to ship and trade goods made Increased specialization of labor Dependence on fossil fuels (coal and oil) These factories justified massive environmental devastation to seek fossil fuels and rapidly expand urban areas Also resulted in massive pollution. This period is when scientists point to the major beginning of humans influencing climate change.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBhl_ZP_xYs

Effect # 3: Urbanization Massive new factories popping up everywhere led to new jobs in the cities New standards of living – cheaper food, clothing, utensils – increasing middle class Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories Leads to unsanitary conditions as a result of extremely dense populations Increased mortality rate, drop in life expectancy Higher instances of Alcoholism and crime because of lower quality of life, less family structure New Diseases Cholera, Cancer, Black Lung, Emphysema

Urbanization

Effect # 3 Continued: Working Conditions Low pay, long hours Child labor, no protection for workers Crowded housing, pollution Horrible, dangerous working conditions Workers Organize to improve conditions Labor Unions Reinforcing of the role of women as caretakers of the home and children

Child Labor

Effect # 4: New Technology! Steamship Railroad – US had 21,000 miles of track by 1850 – 1856* NY to Chicago used to take 3 weeks. Now 2 days. Cotton Gin The battery Telegraph- wire communication combined with Morse Code Technology – made long distance communication instantaneous – eventually stretched across bodies of water, even the Atlantic Ocean by the late 1800s

Effect # 5: Need for Raw Materials and Food Many colonies became dependent on exporting a single natural resource such as metals or minerals or a single food product for the growing urban populations Rubber from SE Asia Palm Oil from Africa Guano from Peru Beef from Argentina Global demand for industrial minerals and metal as well as gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, leading to extensive mining centers worldwide. High demand for timber led to massive deforestation, especially in Britain, the US, and colonies

Effect # 6: A Need for New Consumer Markets As the quantity of produced goods increased, the need for new markets worldwide for the finished goods increased.

Transportation and Communication Increased production Search for more markets and raw materials Better and faster means of transportation Before the Industrial Revolution Communication before Mail Ships powered by sails Messenger Horse-drawn wagons, Cart carts, and carriages Ship After the Industrial Revolution Communication After Trains Telegraph Steamships Submarine telegraph cables Trolleys Radio Automobiles Telephone

New Financial Instruments As capitalism grows so do financial institutions Stock Markets – New York, Amsterdam, London Gold Standard – value of money based on gold held in Federal repositories such as Fort Knox.

So.. Was it Good? Or was it Bad? Discuss!

Second Industrial Revolution The second Industrial Revolution took place about 1870 Spread to places such as the U.S., Germany, Japan, and Russia Electricity became the primary source of power for factories, farms, and homes Steel, chemicals, internal combustion engines Precision machinery to mass produce goods