Mutations! 1

Recall from our previous PowerPoint that… DNA contains the genetic information for cells to make proteins. proteins determine a variety of traits, from hair color to an organism’s ability to digest food.

What is protein? Proteins are… made up of molecules called amino acids. Amino acids are compounds made in the body which combine to form proteins.

What is protein? Proteins… perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including DNA replication.

What is protein? Proteins… differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes.

RNA RNA (ribonucleic acid) carries the genetic code from the DNA inside the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell.

RNA There are 4 nitrogen bases that make the rungs (steps) of the ladder in RNA: - Adenine always bonds to Uracil - Guanine always bonds to Cytosine

Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Three types of rna Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Three types of rna Messenger RNA (mRNA) – copies the message (code) from DNA in the nucleus and carries the code to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Three types of rna Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – makes up the ribosomes where the proteins are built.

Three types of rna Transfer RNA (tRNA) – brings amino acids to the ribosomes to build the proteins.

NEVER leaves the nucleus DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA double stranded single stranded has Thymine has Uracil sugar = deoxyribose sugar = ribose NEVER leaves the nucleus leaves the nucleus

Why RNA Is Just As Cool As DNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Elo-zX1k8M Complete the listening guide in your notes

And by the way, every cell in your body has about 6 mutations in it!!! SO…what causes a And by the way, every cell in your body has about 6 mutations in it!!! MUTATION?

Progeria-the aging disease-life expectancy 13 years A mutation… is any change in a DNA sequence usually happens during DNA replication in sex cells may affect an individual’s offspring/children in body cells may affect the individual Progeria-the aging disease-life expectancy 13 years

mutations can be… harmful, leading to cancer, aging, and birth defects beneficial, making an organism survive better in its environment neutral, having no effect on the organism

Types of Gene Mutations Point mutation-occurs when the base sequence of a codon is changed. Example: GCA is changed to GAA There are 3 types: Substitution Deletion Insertion Also called frameshift mutations

Causes of mutations Mutations can be inherited, caused by environmental agents, or happen spontaneously. A mutagen is anything environmental that can cause a change in DNA. - X-rays, sunlight, chemicals in tobacco

This is a good time for some practice on the different types of MUTATIONS!!

Time for the Amoeba Sisters Again!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo Complete the listening guide in your notes