Stage 3: The Directory

Review Stage 2: Radical Stage Why did France declare war on other European Nations? What was the prerogative of the Committee of Public Safety? The Reign of Terror ends with what event?

The Directory

-Stage 3: The Directory- I. The Constitution of 1795 A. After the Reign of Terror, the French wrote the Constitution of 1795 and established the Directory B. The Directory had two branches: 1. The Legislative branch was elected by literate property owners 2. The Executive branch was made up of five directors chosen by the Legislature

C. The Directory faced a number of problems 1. Corrupt legislators were easily bribed 2. The Directory removed price controls and poor city workers rioted due to inflation 3. The Directory continued to be aggressive in war

Napoleon: Clip 1

Stage 4: The Age of Napoleon A. Napoleon rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution 1. Most officers fled France early in the Revolution; this enabled Napoleon to become a general at the age of 27

2. He was considered a hero in France after key victories against the British and Austria 3. Napoleon married a woman named Josephine who was a French socialite with political connections

B. After returning from war as a military hero, Napoleon and two directors overthrew the Directory 1. They wrote a new constitution and named Napoleon “First Council” 2. In 1802, Napoleon was elected First Council for life

C. In 1804, in a ceremony with the Pope, Napoleon named himself Emperor of the French 1. Napoleon had absolute power, but needed to maintain Revolutionary reforms to keep that power

III. Napoleon’s Reforms A. As part of Napoleon’s reforms, he created an organized law code known as the Napoleonic Code 1. All men were equal before the law 2. Freedom of religion 3. Eliminated laws that extended rights to women

B. Napoleon created the Bank of France 1. This national bank deposited tax money 2. Issued paper money 3. Made loans C. Napoleon set up Lycees (lee-seas) 1. These were government run schools that trained officers

1. The election of Bishops ended D. Napoleon signed an agreement with the Pope known as the Concordant of 1801 1. The election of Bishops ended 2. However, Church property confiscated during the Revolution was not returned Pope Pius VII

IV. From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon controlled most of mainland Europe A. While defeating European powers at war, Napoleon was able to keep these nations from uniting against him

B. Napoleon brought the ideas of the French Revolution, as well as his own, to the nations he defeated 1. Religious tolerance 2. An end to serfdom 3. The Napoleonic Code

C. Napoleon attempted to weaken Great Britain by establishing the Continental System 1. Great Britain was a major obstacle to Napoleon’s plans for conquest

2. The Continental System ordered European nations to stop trading with Britain a. In response, Britain taxed all ships bound for France 3. The Continental System hurt France and the rest of Europe more than it did Great Britain

Using your Notes Answer the following: What were the two branches of government under The Directory? Who brought about an end to the directory? What was the Napoleonic Code and who did it apply to? What were Lycees? What was the Continental System?

V. Rise of European Nationalism A. Many European nations began to resent Napoleon for several reasons 1. High taxes 2. Soldiers were forced to serve in Napoleon’s army 3. Leaders wanted a return to traditional customs B. Opposition began in several parts of Europe 1. Prussia rebuilt its army 2. Spaniards began to practice guerilla warfare

VI. The Russian Invasion A. Russia, under Czar Alexander I, broke the Continental System and began trading with Britain 1. In response, Napoleon organized an army of 500,000 men and invaded Russia

B. The Russians refused to fight 1. They instead retreated into Russia and destroyed their crops and livestock as they went 2. This was known as a Scorched Earth policy

C. When the Russians finally fought at Moscow, Napoleon’s troops defeated them 1. However, by this time the Russian winter was approaching 2. Napoleon had no supplies or shelter and was forced to retreat

D. The Russian army attacked Napoleon’s forces as they retreated 1. As a result of the attacking Russians and brutal conditions, only 10,000 of Napoleon’s troops made it out of Russia alive

VII. Defeat of Napoleon A. With the French army weakened; Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attacked France and defeated Napoleon 1. Napoleon went into exile on the island of Elba 2. Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII, became king

B. Louis XVIII kept many of Napoleon’s reforms in place 1. Religious toleration 2. Napoleonic Code C. Louis XVIII faced several key problems 1. Returning émigrés demanded revolutionaries be punished and things return to tradition 2. Louis XVIII needed to honor the Revolution in order to maintain popular support

1. The British and Prussians did not hesitate to act D. Napoleon used this opportunity to return to France, remove Louis XVIII from power and form an army 1. The British and Prussians did not hesitate to act a. They attacked quickly and defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8c-VtXwBtI

2. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of St 2. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena where he stayed until he died in 1821 a. Napoleon’s return to power in France is known as the “100 Days”

VIII. The Congress of Vienna – 1815 A. European leaders met to restructure Europe after the defeat of Napoleon 1. The meeting was dominated by Conservative Reactionaries 2. Prince Metternich of Austria led the meeting

B. The Congress had two major goals: 1. Legitimacy – Restore the power of royal families across Europe 2. Balance of Power – France was reduced to its pre- Revolutionary boundaries

C. The Age of Metternich 1. For thirty years after the Congress, Metternich sought to avoid revolution and maintain the status quo in Europe