7.0 FLOORING 7.1 Flooring and its types Introduction: Floors are the horizontal elements of a building structure which divide the building into different level for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a restricted space one above the other and provide support for the occupants, furniture, equipment, etc of a building. Characteristics of Good Floor Finish: It should be durable. It should be easy to clean. Noiseless. Have good appearance. Free from dampness. Fire resistant. Low Maintenance. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari TYPES OF FLOOR Basement Floor: A floor when provided for the accommodation below the natural ground level. A basement floor is similar to ground floor except its location. Ground Floor: The floors resting directly on the ground surface. Solid Ground Floor Suspended Ground Floor Upper Floor: The floors which are situated above the ground level are known as upper floor. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Solid Ground Floor There is no gap between ground level and plinth level. The gap between ground level and plinth are completely filled with solid materials. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Solid Ground Floor Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Suspended Ground Floor Suspended ground floor is a timber floor that is not touching the ground level and it is suspended above the ground. A certain gap between the ground level and the plinth level. Mostly used in dancing hall, stage, auditorium, etc. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Suspended Ground Floor Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

7.2 Special Types of Floor Finishing a) Mud and Muram flooring: This type of flooring is used only in low cost housing especially in rural areas. Mud Flooring: Cheap, hard, fairly impervious, easy to construct and maintenance. Good thermal insulating property, cool in summer and fairly warm in winter. 25cm thick selected moist earth is spread and is then rammed well to get a compacted thickness of 15cm. To prevent cracks due to drying, small quantity of chopped straw is mixed in moist earth. Sometimes cow-dung is mixed with moist earth and thin paint of cement-cow dung (1:2 to 1:3 is also applied) Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Muram Flooring: It is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material. Flooring has practically same properties as that of mud flooring. 15 cm thick layer of muram is laid over prepared sub grade, over it (fine muram) is sprea2.5cm thick layer of powder muram d and water is sprinkled and then rammed well. After that, surface is saturated with a 6mm thin film of water. After dry hard surface is formed, it is rubbed with thin paste of cow-dung and rammed again for 2 days during morning hours. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari b) Brick Flooring: At first sub grade is compacted well, over this 10 to 15cm thick plain cement concrete is laid. Bricks are laid on 1mm thick bed of mortar. All the joints of bricks are full with mortar and finished. The work is then properly cured. Suitable for cheap construction such as ware houses, stores, etc. specially where good bricks are available. Well burnt bricks of good color and uniform shape are used. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari c) Fag Stone Flooring: Laminated sand stone available in 2cm to 4cm thickness, in the form of stone slabs of square (30cmx30cm, 45cmx45cm or 60cmx60cm) or rectangle size (45cmx60cm). Also called paving and laid on concrete base. 10 to 15cm thick plain cement concrete is laid over prepared sub grade. Flag stones are then laid over 20mm thick layer of bed mortar. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari d) Cement Concrete Flooring: Commonly used for residential, commercial, industrial buildings. Moderately cheap, quite durable and easy to construct. Floor consists of two components: Base Concrete: 7.5 to 10cm thick either in PCC (1:3:6 to 1:5:10) or lime sand (1lime:1surkhi:1sand) and 60% coarse aggregate of 40mm nominal size. Topping or Wearing Surface: After hardened base concrete, surface is brushed and cleaned thoroughly and wetted the previous night and topping is then laid in square or rectangular panels by use of glass or plain asbestos strips or wooden battens set. Topping consist of 1:2:4 cement concrete and laid to desired thickness (usually 4cm). Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari e) Terrazzo Flooring: Composite material made up of cement and marble chips/aggregate (3mm to 6mm size) in the proportion 1:1.25 to 1:2. It is then mixed and poured in-situ onto a concrete base. Chips are exposed by grinding. The surface is then cleaned and wax police is applied to get final shiny surface. It can be premade and is available in slabs or tiles. It is very hard wearing, if it is polished or wet it is very slippery. It is very useful in commercial situations i.e. malls and shopping centers as it is very durable and easy to clean. Decorative and has good wearing properties. Expensive. Artistic and very reliable. Best for outdoors spaces such as verandah. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari f) Mosaic Flooring (Small Pieces of Colored Stone or Glass): Made of small piece of broken tiles of china glazed or cement, or marble, arranged in different patterns. On a concrete base 5-8cm thick cement sand mortar is spread and leveled. Then 3mm thick cementing material in the form of paste of 2 parts of cement, 1 part of powdered marble and one part of Puzzolana materials is spread and left to dry for about 4 hours. Then a small piece of broken tiles or marble pieces of different colors are arranged in definite patterns and hammered into cementing layer. This is a superior type of flooring used in bathrooms and kitchens of residential buildings and in hospitals, etc. Useful for the places where extra cleanliness is essential. They are laid in different sizes usually in rectangular and square shapes. Decorative and has good wearing properties. Long lasting. Slippery when polished. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari g) Tiles Flooring Tiles are made from baked clay and are available in different sizes, shapes and colors. Method of layering tile flooring is similar to the flag stone except that greater care is required. Before layering the tiles neat cement slurry is spread over the bedding mortar and the tiles are laid flat over it, gently pressing . Durable, moisture resistant, easy to clean. Can crack if not installed on even surface. Widely used in bathrooms, kitchens, entryways. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari h) Marble Flooring Comes in numerous colors as white, grey, green, etc. Superior types of flooring used in bathroom, kitchen. Marble slabs may be laid in different sizes. Concrete base is prepared in same manner as that for concrete flooring. 20mm thick bedding mortar of (1:4 cement sand) is spread under the area of each individual slab and laid over the base concrete by gently pressed with wooden matter and leveled. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari i) Timber Flooring Used for dancing hall, auditoriums, sitting rooms, etc. One of the common problem of timber flooring is dampness. To protect the from dampness DPC layer should be provided below the flooring. Types of Timber Flooring: Strip Flooring: Tongue & groove, Nailed to sub floor, Pre-finished or unfinished. Random Plank: Wider than strips, screwed to sub floor, covered with wood plugs. Parquet: Small pieces arranged in different designs, Pre-finished squares for easy installation. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Strip Random Plank Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Parquet

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari j) Asphalt Flooring It is dustless, elastic, durable, water proof, acid proof and attractive in appearance. Clean sharp sand or grit is mixed to melted asphalts (molten mass) in proportion of 2:1 (cement: asphalt). The compound is poured on the previously prepared concrete bed by means of iron ladle. Uniform thickness (13mm to 25mm). Before the layer becomes hard very fine sand in small quantity is shifted over it and the surface is well rubbed. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Types of Asphalt Flooring: Asphalt mastic flooring Asphalt tiles flooring Asphalt terrazzo flooring Acid proof mastic flooring Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Asphalt mastic flooring: Red or black in color. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Asphalt tile flooring: Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Asphalt terrazzo flooring: Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari Acid proof mastic flooring: Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari k) Rubber Flooring Consists of sheets or tile of rubber in variety of patterns and color with thickness varying 3 to 10mm. Sheets or tiles are fixed to concrete base. Resilient and noise proof. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari l) Cork Flooring (outer bark of cork oak tree) Perfectly noiseless and used in libraries, theaters, art galleries, etc. Available in the form of cork carpet or cork tiles, fixed to concrete base. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari m) Glass Flooring Special purpose flooring, used where it is desired to transmit light from upper floor to lower floor. Available in the form of tiles or slabs in varying thickness of 12 to 30 mm. Fixed in closely spaced frame. Very costly and not commonly used. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari n) Plastic or P.V.C. Flooring Made of plastic material called Poly Vinyl Chloride (P.V.C.), fabricated in the form of tiles of different size and color shades. Widely used in all residential as well as non-residential buildings. Laid on concrete base. Costly & slippery, damaged easily when contacted with burning objects. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari o) Carpet Flooring Available in multiple styles and colors. Used for indoor and outdoor purpose. Glued directly to the floor, pad & tackless strip. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari 7.3 Floor and Wall Tiles There are two method of connection between walls and floors. Reinforced bars are precast in the wall element at regular spacing adjacent the intended final position of a floor slab. Each bar is bent out at right angles in the wall and one end is tied to the floor slab. Second method incorporates a screw thread elements attached to reinforced rod within the wall element. A thread bar is attached to the screw threaded element and tied to the floor slab. Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari

Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari THANK YOU Prepared By: Er. Anil Adhikari