Primary cilia disassembly down-regulates mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling: a feedback mechanism controlling ADAMTS-5 expression in chondrocytes C.L.

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Primary cilia disassembly down-regulates mechanosensitive hedgehog signalling: a feedback mechanism controlling ADAMTS-5 expression in chondrocytes C.L. Thompson, J.P. Chapple, M.M. Knight Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Volume 22, Issue 3, Pages 490-498 (March 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016 Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Mechanical strain upregulates Ihh expression and activates hedgehog signalling in articular chondrocytes. Changes in (A) Ihh, (B) Gli1 and (C) Ptch1 gene expression for primary bovine articular chondrocytes subjected to CTS for 1 h at 10% or 20% strain. Data is expressed as a fold change relative to the mean of the unstrained (noCTS) control group. Data represents mean ± CI (n = 8). Data was analysed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-test. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The primary cilium is required for chondrocyte hedgehog signalling. (A) Representative confocal maximum intensity Z projections showing primary cilia immunofluorescently labelled in WT and ORPK chondrocytes cultured in the absence of strain. The cilium was labelled with antibodies directed to acetylated α-tubulin (red) while nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar represents 20 μm. (B) Primary cilia prevalence (n = 10) and (C) primary cilia length for WT and ORPK chondrocytes (n = 10). Statistical significance was assessed by Student's t test. Changes in (D) Gli1 and (E) Ptch1 gene expression for WT and ORPK chondrocytes treated with 1 μg/ml r-Ihh for 24 h. Changes in (F) Ihh, (G) Gli1 and (H) Ptch1 gene expression for WT and ORPK chondrocytes subjected to 10% CTS for 1 h. Gene expression data is expressed as a fold change relative to the mean of the untreated or unstrained control group. Data is presented as mean ± CI (n = 6–10). Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-test. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Primary cilia disassemble in response to mechanical strain. (A) Representative confocal maximum intensity Z projections of primary bovine articular chondrocytes showing primary cilia following 1 h 20% CTS and the noCTS control. Acetylated α-tubulin (red); Arl13b (green) and nuclei (blue). Scale bar represents 20 μm. Primary cilia (B) prevalence and (C) length for primary articular chondrocytes subjected to CTS for 1 h at 10% and 20% strain. (D) The % of Ki-67 positive cells in unstrained cells and those subjected to 10% and 20% CTS. Data is expressed as the fold change relative to the mean of the unstrained samples and represents mean ± CI (n = 15–20). Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 HDAC6 modulates strain-induced cilia disassembly and hedgehog signalling. (A) Primary cilia length for bovine articular chondrocytes subjected to 20% CTS for 1 h in the presence of TSA (7 nM), Tubacin (500 nM) or the carrier DMSO (control). Data represents mean ± CI (n = 15). Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests. (B) Representative confocal maximum intensity Z projection showing HDAC6 (green) localised to the primary cilium immunofluorescently labelled for acetylated α-tubulin (red). Nucleus counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar represents 20 μm, lower panel shows magnified view of the cilium. Ptch1 (C) and (D) Gli1 gene expression for primary articular chondrocytes subjected to 20% CTS for 1 h in the presence of Tubacin (500 nM) or the carrier DMSO (control). Data represents mean ± CI (n = 6). Data is expressed as a fold change relative to the mean of the untreated or unstrained control group. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Primary cilia disassembly regulates mechanosensitive ADAMTS-5 expression. Changes in ADAMTS-5 expression for (A) bovine articular chondrocytes subjected to 10% or 20% CTS or unstrained control period for 1 h and (B) bovine articular chondrocytes subjected to 20% CTS for 1 h in the presence of Tubacin (500 nM) or the carrier DMSO (control). Data is expressed as a fold change relative to the mean of the untreated or unstrained control group. Data represents mean ± CI (n = 6–8). Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected t-tests. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Supplementary Fig. S1 GAPDH expression is not significantly altered by mechanical strain. Changes in GAPDH expression for (A) primary bovine articular chondrocytes and (B) WT and ORPK chondrocytes subjected to 10% or 20% CTS or unstrained control period for 1 h. Data represents mean ± CI (n = 8–10). Data is expressed as a fold change relative to the mean of the unstrained control group. Statistical significance was assessed by two-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrected tests. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014 22, 490-498DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2013.12.016) Copyright © 2014 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions