Architectural patterns in branching morphogenesis in the kidney

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Architectural patterns in branching morphogenesis in the kidney Qais Al-Awqati, Michael R. Goldberg Kidney International Volume 54, Issue 6, Pages 1832-1842 (January 1998) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Types of branching. (A) Iterative bifid branching. (B) Terminal bifid system, a unique renal type of branching; a lateral branch followed by a terminal bifid branch. N = number of bifid branches. Kidney International 1998 54, 1832-1842DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x) Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Arcades and lateral branching patterns in the kidney. (A) Arcades develop by simultaneous induction of several nephrons whose connecting tubules fuse and then elongate to form the arcade. (B) The final branch continues to induce as it elongates towards the cortex generating laterally situated nephrons. Kidney International 1998 54, 1832-1842DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x) Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Corticomedullary structures in the adult kidney. Note the different distribution of structures in this axis. Further, note the bundling of the vascular tree and the loop of Henle that occurs in the different regions. Medulla is represented two sections; by inner stripe (is) and outer stripe (os). Based on studies of Kaissling and Kriz in rabbit kidneys[62]. Kidney International 1998 54, 1832-1842DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x) Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Three-dimensional branching of the ureteric bud. Confocal images of an E15 kidney with ureteric buds stained with anti-cytokeratin antibodies. The X-Y plane (lower panel) was sectioned at the dotted line to generate the Y-Z plane shown in the upper panel. In the top panel the white arrow shows a dividing branch in the Y-Z, that is, dorso-ventral plane. Its location in the X-Y plane below is marked by a black arrowhead. Kidney International 1998 54, 1832-1842DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x) Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Embryonic rat kidney at day 14. (A) Endothelial cells were stained by rhodamine coupled antibodies to von Willebrand factor. The ureteric bud was stained by anti-cytokeratin antibodies labeled with fluorescein and analyzed by confocal microscopy. (B) Higher magnification of a slice from A. Arrow points to endothelial cells located immediately adjacent to a ureteric bud while the arrowhead points to a potential future interlobar vessel. Kidney International 1998 54, 1832-1842DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00196.x) Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions