Effects of vitamin C infusion and vitamin E-coated membrane on hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress  C.-C. Yang, S.-P. Hsu, M.-S. Wu, S.-M. Hsu, C.-T. Chien  Kidney International  Volume 69, Issue 4, Pages 706-714 (February 2006) DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000109 Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 (a) On palliating ROS formation in HD-activated blood, the temporal effects of intravenous VC and/or a VE)-coated dialyzer are clarified. (b) The effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), VC, and/or VE on post-HD enhanced blood ROS activity in vitro are displayed for comparison. (c) The effects of intravenous VC and the VE-coated dialyzer in suppressing plasma H2O2 activities are also shown. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. Pre-HD: before an HD session; post-HD: after the HD session (corrected for hemoconcentration). *P<0.05, vs pre-HD value; #P<0.05, vs N group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Effects of intravenous infusion of VC and/or use of VE-coated dialyzer (VE) on plasma VC, VE, TAS, and plasma oxalate levels during an HD session. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. Pre-HD: before an HD session; post-HD: after the HD session (corrected for hemoconcentration). *P<0 .05, vs pre-HD value; #P<0.05, vs N group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 (a) Representative emission spectra of the RH2O2 counts in plasma obtained from four groups of ESRD patients. (b) Mean values of pre/post-HD plasma RH2O2 counts, and (c) PCOOH level in plasma and (d) in RBC membrane are displayed. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. Pre-HD: before an HD session; post-HD: after the HD session (corrected for hemoconcentration). *P<0.05, vs pre-HD value; #P<0.05, vs N group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Effects of intravenous infusion of VC and/or VE-coated dialyzer on HD-affected erythrocyte ferricyanide reductase activity, metHb reductase activity, and plasma metHb level. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. Pre-HD: before an HD session; post-HD: after the HD session (corrected for hemoconcentration). *P<0.05, vs pre-HD value; #P<0.05, vs N group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Correlations of RH2O2 counts with (a) hemolysis grade and (b) plasma metHb concentration in plasma samples (pre- and post-dialysis plasma at month 0, n=160). The data in panels a and b were analyzed with a nonlinear functional test. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Effects of 2-months' HD with intravenous infusion of VC and/or VE-coated dialyzer on pre-HD plasma RH2O2 counts, TAS, PCOOH, and CRP level. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. Pre-HD: before an HD session; post-HD: after the HD session (corrected for hemoconcentration). *P<0.05, vs month 0; #P<0.05, vs N group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Determination of multiple cytokines determination by cytokine antibody array in healthy and HD patients in the N and VCE groups. (a) The pre-HD plasma cytokine profiles initially (I) and 2 months later (F) are displayed. (b) The dot plot of cytokines and adhesion molecules is amplified. (c) The mean changes (indicated by ratios of control) of 13 cytokines (lanes a–g, j–o) and two adhesion molecules (lanes h and i) are displayed. 1, positive control; 2, negative control. VC group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC; VE group (n=20), HD patients with VE-coated dialyzer; VCE group (n=20), HD patients with intravenous VC plus VE-coated dialyzer; N group (n=20), HD patients without VC or VE-coated dialyzer. *P<0.05, between I and F samples from the N group. #P<0.05, between I and F from the VCE group. Kidney International 2006 69, 706-714DOI: (10.1038/sj.ki.5000109) Copyright © 2006 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions