Quenching of the star formation activity in cluster galaxies A. Boselli et al 2016

Sample HRS (Herschel Reference Survey) Sample analysed Volume-limited (15≤𝐷≤25 Mpc) K-band-selected (2MASS 𝐾≤12 mag for LTG, 𝐾≤8.7 mag for ETG) 322 nearby galaxy Sample analysed 168/260 for LTG 22/62 for ETG

Data photometric bands: FUV and NUV (GALEX) gri (SDSS) JHK (2MASS) 11 and 22 𝜇m (WISE) 100 and 160 𝜇m (PACS) 250, 350, 500 𝜇m (SPIRE) H𝛼 imaging data

Data Spectroscopy: Atom and molecular gas data from Boselli+14 Age-sensitive absorption Balmer line indices have been extracted from the integrated medium-resolution (R ∼ 1000) spectra of the star-forming and quiescent galaxies of the HRS. drifting the slit GANDALF code to remove emission lines Normalised using monochromatic g-band flux density Atom and molecular gas data from Boselli+14 HI-deficiency: the difference in logarithmic scale between the expected and the observed HI mass of a galaxy of given angular size and morphological type the rotational velocity

SED modelling CIGALE produces synthetic UV to far-infrared SED of galaxies using different stellar population synthesis models available in the literature to trace the stellar emission and different dust models or empirical templates to trace the dust emission. BC03 population synthesis models Draine & Li 2007 physical models of dust emission: 𝑞 𝑃𝐴𝐻 : the fraction of the total dust mass in PAHs containing fewer than 10 3 atoms 𝑈 𝑚𝑖𝑛 : the intensity of the di use interstellar radiation field 𝛾 : the fraction of dust heated by young stars within photodissociation regions

Parametrisation of the star formation history Buat+08, the star formation history of the multizone chemo-spectrophotometric models of galaxy evolution of Boissier & Prantzos (2000 ). log 𝑆𝐹𝑅 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 =𝑎+𝑏 log 𝑡 +𝑐 𝑡 0.5 t: time elapsing after the first generation of stars are formed

Truncated SFH QA: quenching age QF: quenching factor 𝑡 0 : age of the Universe at the present epoch

Spectral line indices 𝐻 𝛽 , 𝐻 𝛾 , 𝐻 𝛿 Transmissivity 𝐻 𝛽 , 𝐻 𝛾 , 𝐻 𝛿 CIGALE requires flux densities measured within a filter bandpass. 𝐻 𝛼 emission -> ionising photons -> pseudo-filter (LyC ) to characterise the ionising radiation

1 Balmer line indices: 500Myrs FUV and NUV: 100-200Myrs H𝛼: <5Myrs

Mock catalogue of simulated galaxies Test the solidity of this approach simulated SED includes 282 528 objects. artificially introducing noise in the simulated SED according to the typical error then fitted this simulated mock catalogue of SED and made a PDF analysis of the most critical variables. Compare with Ciesla+16 Free parameter for SFH reduced from 3 to 2. (remove 𝜏 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 , the typical timescale characterising the secular evolution of galaxies) Use more age-sensitive photometric bands a remarkable increase in the accuracy in the quenching parameters

rotational velocity is well measured Whenever the truncation occurred at large QA and/or the QF is small, the imprints of these effects on the SED are hardly distinguishable from those due to possible variations in the secular evolution of galaxies.

Representative galaxy NGC 4569

HRS The model SED used in the following analysis were constructed using the appropriate rotational velocity as derived from kinematical data for each galaxy

Analysis the use of a truncated SFH increases the quality Significantly in HI-deficient galaxies and QF high galaxies.

QF and QA QF increase with HI-def: QA (𝜌=0.48) SFA is reduced when HI gas is removed All ETG have QF=1 QA (𝜌=0.48) For QF>0.5, more clear relationship HI-def>0.8, QA∼1Gyr

QA=135 Myr for 0.5<QF<0.8 QA=235 Myr for QF>0.8 QA=1320 Myr for ETG

Identification of the perturbing mechanism galaxy-galaxy interactions, galaxy harassment: timescale too long. Starvation: the effect of removing the outer galaxy halo would be to prevent further infall of gas into the disk, then the star formation would thus exhaust the available gas, quenching further star formation activity. Even if the process started ∼10Gyr ago, starvation would never be able to reduce the star formation activity of the perturbed galaxies by QF≥0.5.

Ram pressure stripping Chemo-spectrophotometric models ram-pressure-stripping efficiencies: ϵ 0 =1.2 𝑀 ⊙ 𝑘𝑝 𝑐 −2 𝑦 𝑟 −1 : NGC4569 ϵ 0 =0.4 𝑀 ⊙ 𝑘𝑝 𝑐 −2 𝑦 𝑟 −1 : mean for Virgo cluster The observed decrease in the star formation activity of HI-deficient galaxies in the main sequence relation can be explained by ram pressure stripping

For QF>0. 8 or HI-def>0 For QF>0.8 or HI-def>0.4 Both fraction drop by a factor of ∼5 from the core of the cluster(R<0.5) to the cluster periphery (R>4)

Rapid or slow environmental quenching? Wetzel+13 First mildly declining on long timescale (2-4 Gyr) Then a rapid decrease (0.2-0.8 Gyr) Timescale definition: Our: the rapid decrease of the star formation activity that occurred when galaxies enter the rich Virgo cluster Other: time since a galaxy became a satellite of a more massive halo.

Rapid or slow environmental quenching? Quenching galaxies: QF>0.5 or QF>0.8 Others: sSFR≤ 10 −11 𝑦 𝑟 −1 A rapid quenching of SFA of LTG that were recently accreted on the Virgo cluster, as predicted by ram-pressure-stripping models.

Conclusion