How would you answer this question?? Explain how the research by Wilson and Kelling (1982) could be used to reduce crime. [10 marks] 5 marks for explaining study Aim Design Findings Conclusion How would you answer this question?? 5 marks for explaining how what they found would prevent crime 10 marks 10-12 minutes do answer and peer mark Good relations with community Informal rules = public order Broken Window Metaphor

If someone commits a crime (EG. Murder), what should we do with them? Prison? Rehabilitation? Death penalty? Nothing? Topic 6 THIS IS THE BACKGROUND

Does punishment work? Does reform work? It is hard to see whether punishment or reform work best in terms of reducing reoffending (recidivism). This is due to a number of factors. Using your handout, arrange the images under the following headings: Before prison During prison After prison THIS IS THE BACKGROUND

A prison study… would this be ethical? Haney, Banks and Zimbardo (1973) investigated what it is like in a simulated prison AIM: Investigate the effect of being assigned to different roles (either a prison guard or a prisoner) This was done to see what was more influential, situational or dispositional factors THIS IS THE RESEARCH

Haney et al. (1973) Method 24 male participants, predominately white middle class college students – issue? Volunteered to a newspaper article They were paid $15 per day – issue? 24 were selected from 75 All completed questionnaire about physical and mental health, family background, attitudes towards psychopathology and any previous involvmenet in crime – issue? Those selected were judged to be more mature, physically and mentally stable, and least antisocial

Haney et al. (1973) Design IV: Role (guard or prisoner) 11 guard 10 prisoner DV: Behaviour of participants during experiment Prison environment created in basement of campus building of Stanford University Guards met the day before for briefing meeting. Told to ‘maintain the reasonable degree of order within prison necessary for effective functioning’ Prisoners ‘arrested’ at home and took to real police station, not told the study had begun. Normal arrest procedures eg. finger prints, mug shots, rights read. Blindfolded and taken to prison at Standford - issue?

Haney et al. (1973) Prisoners Upon arrival, prisoners were stripped naked and sprayed with delousing agent (actually a deodorant spray) Ordered to memorise prison rules In an effort to depersonalise the prisoners, they were to be referred to by a number rather than the actual name throughout their confinement Permitted three toilet visits per day and given three plain meals Counted three times a day Had to complete compulsory work assessments Limited privileges eg. exercise periods, visiting hours Appropriate outfits required

Haney et al. (1973) Findings Behaviour of participant was strongly affected by the role they had been assigned. Both groups internalised their roles through: Loss of identity – prisoners introduced self as ID number to priest, rather than own name Arbitrary control – unfair and unpredictable punishment exerted over prisoners. For example, laughing at a joke could warrant punishment but later not laughing may also warrant punishment Dependency (having to ask permission to go to the bathroom, which was often declined) and emasculation (the outfits the prisoners wore which made them move in feminine ways and provoked insults)

Haney et al. (1973) Findings 90% of the conversations were about the situation, as opposed to real lives The absence of a ‘script’ for the guards did not matter. The guards almost always initiated rude, hostile, dehumanising and acts of physical aggression The majority of guards adopted a ‘tough but fair’ attitude. The most hostile guards created an aggressive culture, where basic rights such as eating and sleeping times were reframed as privilages, rendering the prisoners powerless. The prisoners enjoyment of power and control, Zimbardo names pathology of power

Haney et al. (1973) Findings On the other hand, the pathological prisoner syndrome saw the rebellion against the rules from all prisoners Contrasting coping strategies: prisoners would act ‘good’, siding with guards and being obedient, or becoming ‘sick’ showing signs of extreme emotional distress As a result, 14 day study was cut short at just 6 days due to the concerning behaviour of participants (showing signs of emotional trauma). The guards appeared disappointed to be finishing early

Haney et al. (1973) Conclusions The behaviour of participants is bext explained by situational, not dispositional factors Some residual differences exist between how people individually manage social roles Findings should be used to inform guard training programmes

Recap https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oAX9b7agT9o

Explain how the research by Haney et al Explain how the research by Haney et al. (1973) could be used to understand the effects of imprisonment [10 marks]