ATP Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Living things need energy to survive and function. 2 Living things need energy to survive and function. You get the energy you need from the food you eat. Where that that energy come from? Sun  Plants  You !!!

ATP 3 Universal Energy Molecule The cell’s “Energy Bank” Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Consist of a sugar called ribose N containing Adenine Three phosphate groups DRAW A SKETCH! 3

ATP ADP ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate The bonds between the phosphate groups in ATP are VERY HIGH ENERGY. When a phosphate group is removed-energy is released. So, energy is STORED in the bonds of ATP. This energy can be used to do cellular activities. 4

To obtain energy to do cellular work, the cell hydrolyzes the ATP, releasing the stored energy and forming ADP and phosphate once again. The energy can then be used to drive reactions. 5

Cell can make ATP from ADP by using the energy from carbohydrates. This means that the energy in carbohydrates is then stored in ATP until needed by cells This process is known as phosphorylation. 6

Phosphorylation: The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP. Draw it! 7

ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups 8

ATP is converted into ADP 9 ADP ATP P P Fully charged battery Partially charged battery

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. 10

Where does photosynthesis take place? 11

Plants 12 Autotrophs: self-producers. Location: 1. Leaves a. stomata b. cells Cell Chloroplast Stomata 12

The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 CO2 enters through the stomata Epidermis Chloroplasts Stomata 13 Guard cells

14 Using this energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts Chloroplasts are only found in photosynthetic, eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts are capable of harnessing energy from the sun's rays of light. Using this energy from the sunlight, chloroplasts are able to form ATP as well as synthesizing sugars from water and carbon dioxide. 14

15 Chloroplast Organelle where photosynthesis takes place. Stroma Outer Membrane Thylakoid Granum Inner Membrane 15

Thylakoid Thylakoid Membrane Granum Thylakoid Space 16

Chloroplast Picture 17

Things to know about Chloroplasts have a double membrane the inner membrane the outer membrane have their own DNA this carries the information to make the enzymes have their own ribosomes more like the ribosomes of prokaryotes than eukaryotes make their own enzymes required for photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water produce glucose contain chlorophyll this green chemical "traps" sunlight energy 18

19 Plants absorb certain wavelengths of light Blue and Red. Pigments are molecules that absorb light. The main pigment is Chlorophyll. When they absorb light, they are absorbing Energy. b a 19

Photosynthesis Products and Reactants Light Energy SUN Sugars + O2 Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Glucose & O2 20

Formula For Photosynthesis 6 _____ + 6 ______ +__________ ______ + 6______ Reactants Products 21

STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. The Process of Photosynthesis does NOT Happen all at Once; rather it occurs in  TWO STAGES: STAGE 1: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS. Energy is Capture from Sunlight.  Water is Split into Hydrogen Ions, Electrons, and Oxygen (O2).  The O2 Diffuses out of the Chloroplasts (Byproduct). The Light Energy is Converted to Chemical Energy, which is Temporarily Stored in ATP and NADPH. STAGE 2: DARK REACTION (CALVIN CYCLE). The Chemical Energy Stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of Organic Compounds (Sugars), Using Carbon Dioxide, CO2. This is a light Independent reaction. It can happen during the daylight, it just does NOT need to light be completed. 22

23 Photosynthesis: An Overview LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION Section 8-3 Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Water O2 Sugars CO2 SUNLIGHT Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP+ ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH Go to Section: 23

Photosynthesis Overview: Concept Map Occurs in two Steps Light Reaction Dark Reaction Occurs (location) Occurs (location) Produces Produces Oxygen ATP Stroma Thylakoid Membrane Glucose 24

Photosynthesis Concept Map includes Light- dependent reactions Dark Reaction takes place in uses use take place in Thylakoid membranes Stroma NADPH ATP Energy from sunlight to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O2 Chloroplasts Glucose Go to Section: 25

PLANTS STORE ENERGY FROM THE SUN IN THE BONDS OF GLUCOSE !!!! CLIP 26

LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION

Cellular Respiration 28

Cellular Respiration) the process that occurs in cells in which cells break down sugar for ENERGY! Occurs in cytoplasm and Mitochondria.  29

Cellular Respiration Overview: We get our energy from the food we eat. The unit for energy is the calorie. Plants are producers and make glucose by the process of photosynthesis. Heterotrophs breakdown glucose for energy. There are two important ways a cell can harvest energy from food: fermentation and cellular respiration. 30

Step1: Glycolysis 31 Means “Splitting Glucose” Both pathways start with Glycolysis. Glycolysis starts with Glucose. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules called Pyruvate. Happens in the Cytoplasm. 31

32 Products of Gylcolysis

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Summary of Glycolysis 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C). Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell. CLIP 34

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REVIEW Glycolysis is the first step of reactions that break glucose apart to release the energy it holds in its C-H bonds. Where did this energy come from? Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm. Glycolysis dos not need oxygen! Glycolysis occurs in both aerobic (With oxygen) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration! 36

Aerobic Respiration 37

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In the presence of OXYGEN: Step 2: Krebs Cycle Step 3: Electron Transport Happens in the Mitochondria Starts with Pyruvate. Pyruvate moves into the mitochondria and is broken down into CO2 , H2O and ATP. 39

Mitochondria Anatomy 40

Fermentation (without oxygen) With oxygen Respiration Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electron transport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) With out oxygen 41 Go to Section:

In the presence of oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and water in the Krebs cycle. After the Krebs cycle, 36 ATP are created in the electron transport chain. 42

Electron Transport Chain Flowchart Section 9-2 Cellular Respiration Reactants Final Products Glucose (C6H1206) + Oxygen (02) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) 43 Go to Section:

Fermentation Without oxygen: Pyruvate is converted into Lactic Acid or Alcohol during Fermentation. Lactic Acid-Muscle cells Alcohol- Yeast 44

Anaerobic Respiration 45

Lactic Acid Fermentation Section 9-1 Lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid 46 Go to Section:

Anaerobic: Fermentation Section 9-2 Reactant Products Glucose (C6H1206) Glycolysis Fermentation Lactic Acid Or Alcohol 47 Go to Section:

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Respiration Formula 49 6____ + ___ ___ and 6___ + 6__ + 36 ATP Review Clip 6____ + ___ ___ and 6___ + 6__ + 36 ATP 49

Energy Converters video. Click picture. 50