Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening 1800’s Americans experience religious revival Protestant preachers believed Americans had become immoral and religion could save them Revivalists: preachers looking to reenergize religion in America Charles Grandison Finney: passionate sermons (speeches)…evangelical (passionate) worship to convince people to convert Parents and Churches were responsible for education. As industrialization increased, parents were absent and Church attendance decreased. Increased voter turnout (Andrew Jackson) inc need for an educated public Other reformers = Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard, Elizabeth Blackwell Horace Mann believed democracy required “literate, informed, and moral citizens” – Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education – fought for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum Noah Webster “School Master of the Republic” – wrote textbooks that promoted patriotism… took 20 years to write his dictionary (1828) that standardized the American language William H McGuffey – school teacher wrote grade school readers (McGuffey Reader) – lessons on morality, patriotism, idealism… and ANTI-CATHOLIC

School Reform Explain the problem education reformers faced Schools were not supported by taxes Children were not required to attend Low lower literacy rate, increased poverty & crime Plantation owners considered education a protected privilege of the elite Who were the reformers Horace Mann: fought for better school houses, longer terms, higher teacher pay, expand curriculum What did the reformers propose as a solution Normal Schools = state sponsored public schools Minimum 6 months Teach manners to lessen crime Teach literacy to lessen poverty Parents and Churches were responsible for education. As industrialization increased, parents were absent and Church attendance decreased. Increased voter turnout (Andrew Jackson) inc need for an educated public Other reformers = Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard, Elizabeth Blackwell Horace Mann believed democracy required “literate, informed, and moral citizens” – Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education – fought for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum Noah Webster “School Master of the Republic” – wrote textbooks that promoted patriotism… took 20 years to write his dictionary (1828) that standardized the American language William H McGuffey – school teacher wrote grade school readers (McGuffey Reader) – lessons on morality, patriotism, idealism… and ANTI-CATHOLIC

Temperance Explain the problem temperance reformers faced Alcohol  crime and poverty Alcohol  domestic abuse and child neglect Alcohol  dangerous working conditions II. Who were the reformers Neal S. Dow - “Father of Prohibition” American Temperance Society III. What did the reformers propose as a solution Prohibition – want to make alcohol illegal Temperance – want to promote moderation (don’t binge drink!) Many associated alcoholism with immigrants/Catholics… anti alcohol policies targeted Believed it caused all ills of society: cholera, epilepsy, other medical problems Neal S Dow – Mayor of Portland, Maine: Est Maine law – prohibited the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors. Later ran for president under the Prohibition Party Washington Temperance Society – public confessions, discussions, and counseling to limit alcoholism Temperance leaders encouraged many to join the “cold water army” – moderation was more important that prohibition

By what reasoning is violence related to alcohol consumption? What position on the temperance debate do you think the cartoonist holds? By what reasoning is violence related to alcohol consumption?

What is happening in this cartoon? Evaluate: Do you think this cartoon accurately depicts the issues surrounding alcohol use during the 1800s? Explains. Detect points of view: How do you think the cartoonist feels about the temperance movement? Explain. What symbols does the cartoonist use to make a statement about drinking? What is happening in this cartoon?

Changes in Cotton Production What invention might caused this change? 1820 1860

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

Abolition Explain the conditions slaves faced Who were the reformers Immoral Slave trade Harsh conditions of slaves Who were the reformers Frederick Douglass (published The North Star) William Lloyd Garrison (published The Liberator) Angelina & Sarah Grimke (white southern female abolitionists) III. What did the reformers propose as a solution Abolition: end to slavery Emancipation: freeing enslaved people Spreading information (newspapers) ** Underground Railroad (more to come on this)

William Lloyd Garrison https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PbxSl-U89w Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PbxSl-U89w Grimke Sisters https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzjWT1jyi1c http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/frederick-douglass

Women’s Rights Explain the problem women faced Who were the reformers Lack of power / rights; 2nd class citizens – cannot vote, control property, initiate divorce, make wills, sign contracts Victims of domestic abuse Who were the reformers Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony What did the reformers propose as a solution Suffrage = enfranchisement for women (right to vote) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) ECS and her “Declaration of Sentiments” WHAT DID THEY CHANGE? Equality of women in all things https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AH_9CwUR4Dc Susan B Anthony Sojourner Truth