UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY OF WAVE AND CURRENT ENERGY RESOURCE CONVERSION Lucy Patricia Onundo Msc in Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Nairobi Tutor : Technical University of Mombasa TUM Senate Representative: Faculty of Engineering and Technology FoET Matron : Engineering Students Association ESA TUM

KEY AREAS Estimation of Marine hydrokinetic energy resource potential Offshore Wave & Tidal project database Energy design and development Standard operation procedures Environmental risks

Estimation of marine hydrokinetic energy resource potential Broad range technologies utilize seawater to harness electricity currents waves (wind generated on water surface) tidal range (potential energy) tidal stream (kinetic energy) It is preeminent to translate measurement of water motions, marine operations and technology observations into valuable information for effective exploitation and optimization of resource use model techniques incapable to mimic the natural ocean features and the environment

Offshore Wave & Tidal project databases Quality, performance and cost Inadequate measurement computation of ocean data captured, variability of wave and current climate and the amount of energy converted to a usable form. Test facilities Calibration and estimation of generator design and techniques are examined employing ocean site characterization in comparison to converter performance evaluation. Site screening and feasibility Site predictions consider comparison of direct measured data, published wave and current tables from navigational chart data and inferred properties. infrastructure and grid access

Energy design and development Ocean flow dynamics is an appealing source for sustainable development of renewable energy despite its intermittent unstable characteristics. Hydrokinetic technology being in a nascent stage must be evaluated to establish if the current regulations are adequate to ensure safety of personnel and the environment. The lack of established industry consensus on measurement codes and standards introduce uncertainties at every level of the value chain of the offshore energy exploration and extraction. IEC TC-114 was created in 2007 (with negligible participation from Africa) to establish, maintain and publish technical standards and guidelines to be employed by a wide range of stakeholders in the ocean energy industry . The research main objective is to appraise sensitivity analysis techniques to field International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC technical specifications in ocean energy exploration and further investigate the hydrokinetic energy potential along the Kenyan coastline (Western Indian Ocean)

International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC with the equivalent local customization standards and technical specifications are adopted to conform to growth and stability of the industry presentation reviews and verifies compliance on eligibility criteria and standards considered on concept, device development, manufacture, utilities, site development and economic prospects of the ocean renewable energy industry. electrical power quality and performance assessment of wave, tidal and current energy converters entails Technical Specifications IEC TS 62600 - 30

IEC Technical Committee 114, 2008 IEC TC-114 is the Technical committee developing international technical specifications and standards for marine energy conversion systems. The primary focus is on conversion of wave, tidal and other water current energy into electrical energy, although other conversion methods, systems and products are included.

IEC/TS 62600-1:2011 Technical Specification defines the terms relevant to ocean and marine renewable energy. For the purposes of this Technical Specification, sources of ocean and marine renewable energy are taken to include wave, tidal current, and other water current energy converters. This Technical Specification is intended to provide uniform terminology to facilitate communication between organizations and individuals in the marine renewable energy industry and those who interact with them.

IEC TS 62600-2:2016 provides the essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wave, tidal and other water current energy converters, referred to as marine energy converters (MECs), for a specified design life. Provides an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards that may lead to failure of the primary structure such as control and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems and mechanical as they pertain to the structural viability of the device under site-specific external environmental conditions. addresses site-specific conditions, safety factors for critical structures and structural interfaces, external load cases, failure probability and failure consequences design practices.

IEC TS 62600-10:2015  Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters - Part 10: Assessment of mooring system for marine energy converters (MECs) The intent of this technical specification is to highlight the different requirements of MECs.

  IEC TS 62600-30:2018 Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters - Part 30: Electrical power quality requirements IEC TS 62600-102:2016   Marine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters - Part 102: Wave energy converter power performance assessment at a second location using measured assessment data

Environmental risks Survivability and ecological parameters Climate change due to industrial revolution, temperature variation and carbon emission has significant impact on sea level rise, changing ecosystem status, migration patterns and ocean acidification Technology effect on marine life and users such as shipping and fishing industries. Advanced tools, models and materials to maximize efficiency in formulation, control and process. Legal policies Regulation, functional deterioration, reliability and redundancy (technological obsolescence)

deep water applications unresolved maritime boundary disputes Challenges deep water applications unresolved maritime boundary disputes environmental impacts and sustainable growth in the space utility policy requirements and regulatory oversight of projects for implementation. Sustainable development goals (SDG) are based on measurement dimensions, converter performance in relation to civil foundation, mechanical extraction processes and security of production, but preserving ocean health and societal benefits.

• Benefits of Standardization Standard based solutions that deliver quality and confidence The focus is to investigate resource measurement uncertainty with an attempt to establish a refined and precise assessment procedure. Standards to establish regulations on energy performance , efficiency and utilization General requirements and methods of test specification Selection and erection of equipment Facilitate trade

The three approaches adopted to improve the confidence limit and quantify or qualify the risk are: Conduct analysis of the Ocean states occurring at the test site to calculate the probability of survival, or extreme, events occurring within specified deployment durations Conduct analysis of the Ocean states occurring at the open water test site to evaluate the scatter of metocean conditions from the station average and the deviation of the average from a classical form, such as wave fields or predicted conditions based on surface measurements or numerical results in the case of tidal velocity. These factors would influence the range of device performance characteristics. Based on the above and the number of device settings to be investigated, sea trial program planned to ensure all important events are experienced and captured. Testing methods for loss and efficiency classification is essential for uncertainty determination of converter process and property tolerances with variation in input - output power losses

Conclusion The IEC technical specifications assessment accelerate establishment of marine hydrokinetic energy standards, application and extension of the methodologies implemented to enable their execution in open sea trial. Understanding the diverse combinations of Ocean energy resource conversions in globally would geographically provide the vast untapped carbon-free hydrokinetic energy resources industry located close to islands and centers of power demand. This provides economic investments for marine and coastal enterprises that help with conservation, improved livelihoods and better economic returns. The platform identified need for devising standards and certification to facilitate access to commercial financing and reducing costs and increasing performance through innovation and testing.

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