Mutations changes in genetic material (_____)

Mutations changes in genetic material (DNA)

Causes of mutations random mistakes when DNA is copied DNA needs to be copied when cells replicate (duplicate) to make new cells rare - 1 out of every 100,000,000 replications has a mutation certain environmental factors trigger mutations sunlight, radiation, exposure to radon, asbestos, certain viruses like HPV, and smoking

What can a mutation change in a cell? a change in the order of the DNA can change the order of the transcribed RNA a change in the order of the RNA can change the order of the translated amino acids a change in the order of the amino acids can change the protein’s structure (shape) a change in the protein’s structure (shape) can change the ability of the protein to perform its function (job) it may not change the protein at all, it may cause it to work better, or it could make it work so badly that it kills the cell

Cracking the Code of Life Mutations Cracking the Code of Life Chapter Three One wrong Letter ~15:00 – 25:00

Point Mutations changes in just one base pair only affects one gene and the production of one protein

1. Substitution change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide

original base triplet in a DNA strand a base substitution within the triplet (red) During replication, proofreading enzymes make a substitution possible outcomes: or original, unmutated sequence a gene mutation

1. Substitution change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide not all substitutions are harmful

The Genetic Code

1. Substitution change of one nucleotide into another type of nucleotide not all substitutions are harmful sometimes multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

2. Frameshift Mutation two types Insertion Deletion addition of a nucleotide Deletion removal of a nucleotide

Frameshift Mutations

2. Frameshift Mutation two types causes a frameshift mutation Insertion – addition of a nucleotide Deletion – removal of a nucleotide causes a frameshift mutation a shift in the DNA sequence can lead to early stoppages in the protein or “run on” proteins that are longer than necessary

Chromosomal Mutations mutations that involve an entire sequence of DNA can affect multiple genes and the production of many proteins

1. Deletion removal of a large section of DNA

2. Duplication a section of DNA is copied

3. Inversion a section of DNA is “flipped”

4. Translocation sections of DNA switched between non-homologous chromosomes

How are mutations passed on to the next generation? only mutations in reproductive organs or sex cells may be passed onto the next generation reproductive organs ovaries and testes sex cells eggs and sperm

How are mutations passed on to the next generation? once a mutation is passed to an offspring, all future generations from that offspring could pass on the changed gene

Summary Write a brief summary about what a mutation is and why it causes issues in cells. What a mutation is: A change in genetic material (DNA) Why it causes issues in cells (use “amino acids” and “protein” as a part of your answer): A change in DNA (instructions) can change the order of the amino acids used to make a protein. If the amino acid order is different, the protein’s structure (shape) may change and it may change the ability of the protein to perform its function (job).