The Animal Kingdom Mollusks, Arthropods, and Echinoderms Nancy G. Morris Volunteer State Community College

Subgrade Coelomata Mollusks Includes chitons, oysters, clams, snails, slugs. octopus, squid General Characteristics: molluscus = soft body coelom greatly reduced main cavity is hemocoel - blood-filled cavity in open circulatory system show no segmentation bilateral symmetry obscure

Subgrade Coelomata Mollusks Soft body composed of 3 main parts: foot – large muscular, usually ventral, locomotion 2) visceral mass – contains digestive system, kidneys, heart, internal organs 3) mantle – heavy folds of tissue which cover the visceral mass; secrete shell; form siphons, develop gill & mouth

Subgrade Coelomata Mollusks radula – rasping, tongue-like organ found in all except bivalves trochophore larvum – free-swimming; links mollusks and annelids to a common flatworm ancestor

Anatomy of a Clam

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Amphineura - chiton Class Bivvalvia - clams, oysters, mussels Class Cephalopoda – squid, octopus, chambered nautilus Class Gastropoda – snails, slugs, abalones, whelks, periwinkles, giant conch

Review: Animal Classification

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Amphineura - “both nerves” no eyes or tentacles marine elliptical, shell of 8 plates chiton

Polyplacophora: chiton

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Bivalvia - soft body between two halves of a hinged shell highly developed muscular foot bilateral symmetry obscured most marine, some fresh water no tentacles, head, radula clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Bivalvia - Pearl Production – protective function; foreign substance gets between mantle & shell, mantle secretes pearly layers of nacre around substance clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Cephalopoda – “head foot” shell reduced & internalized in squid no shell in octopus largest invertebrates possess eyes and tentacles most active & intelligent squid, octopus, chambered nautilus

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Cephalopoda – most highly developed mollusk squid & octopus possess ink sacs which produce melanin ; protective function head-foot arrangement forms a siphon through which water can be forcibly expelled producing “jet propulsion” squid, octopus, chambered nautilus

Phylum Mollusca Classes Class Gastropoda – “stomach foot” univalve – single or one-piece shell some have no shell largest – giant conch – 1 foot length Urosalprix – “oyster drill” bores hole in oyster + digests snails, slugs, abalones, whelks, periwinkles, giant conch

Phylum Onychophora missing link between annelids and arthropods ??? Peripatus Figure 33.26 Campbell suggests a stage in evolution of arthropods from a segmented, coelomate ancestor common to both the annelids & arthropods

Phylum Onychophora Annelid characteristics: Arthropod characteristics: segmentally arranged nephridia muscular body wall ciliated reproductive tract eye structure Arthropod characteristics: tubular heart tracheae hemocoel large ganglion mouth parts modified appendages

Subgrade Coelomata Phylum Arthropoda General Characteristics: most successful and adaptable of all animals largest phylum in terms of numbers of species means “jointed foot” all have segmented bodies & exhibit metamerism suggests a common ancestry w/annelids segments fused into specialized regions

Subgrade Coelomata Arthropods General Characteristics: Exoskeleton of chitin – semi-rigid but flexible; permeable to water; waxy cuticle prevents dessication coelom & hemocoel exhibit metamorphosis (change in form) exhibit molting (ecdysis)

Trilobite fossil

Phylum Arthropoda Classes Class Archnida - spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites arthropod w/ 8 legs

Arachnids: scorpion & mites

Phylum Arthropoda Classes Class Crustacea - lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, crabs Class Chilopoda - “100 leggers” - centipeds; 1 pr legs per segment carnivorous; poisonous Class Diplopoda - “1000 leggers”- millipedes; 2 pr legs per segment; herbivorous

Crustraceans

Diplopoda: Millipede

Anatomy of a Crayfish

Phylum Arthropoda Classes Class Insecta - terrestrial & aquatic insects Class Merostomata - horseshoe crab, king crabs; “thigh mouth”

Insect metamorphosis

Limulus: A living fossil

Anatomy of a Grasshopper

Subgrade Coelomata Echinoderms (Campbell p. 625) General Characteristics: “spiny skin” all members marine exhibit secondary radiality (adults radials, but ancestors & larval forms bilateral) bipinnaria larvum resembles hemichordate larvum nearest in relation to chordates

Subgrade Coelomata Echinoderms General Characteristics: endoskeleton w/ external spines or ossicles unique water vascular system for locomotion body parts in 5’s or multiples of 5 dioecious external fertilization

Subgrade Coelomata Echinoderms General Characteristics: no segmentation or well defined head region autotomy (self-amputation) survival mechanism regeneration no parasitic members deutrostomes (embrylogic development resembles chordates)

Phylum Echinodermata Classes Class Asteroidea – characterized by “star” starfish, sea stars Class Echinoidea – characterized by “spines” sea urchins, sand dollars Class Holothuroidea – characterized by “whole” sea cucumbers

Echinoderms

Sea Cucumber

Echinoderm water vascular system bivium trivium madreporite stone canal ring canal radial canal ampulla ampulacral groove tube feet aboral oral This is where you draw and label the essential components of a starfish. The list on the left should guide you.