Process of Deforestation and Agricultural Expansion in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia インドネシア西カリマンタン州のグヌンパルン国立公園における森林減少および農地拡大の過程 　筑波大学、環境科学研究科 University of Tsukuba　 Master’s Program in Environmental Sciences Masuda Laboratory Franky Zamzani

g Background Deforestation in Indonesia: 0.8 million ha/year (1993) (Revilla, 1993; FAO, 2006) Forest Deforestation also occurred in national park Land-use changes Causes of deforestation : Proximate causes logging, agricultural expansion, infra-structure extension, etc. Underlying causes demographic, socio-economic, technology, policy, cultural factors (Geist and Lambin, 2002) Non forest

Forest Cover Changes in Indonesia (1985-1997) Island Forest Cover (ha) Forest Change (ha) Annual Change Rate (%) 1985 1997 1985-1997 Sumatra 22,938,825 16,430,300 -6,508,525 -2.15 Java 1,274,600 1,869,675 595,075 3.60 Bali 96,450 76,700 -19,750 -1.50 Nusa Tenggara 686,775 450,450 -236,325 -2.60 East Timor 374,400 9,850 -364,550 -7.46 Kalimantan 39,644,025 29,637,475 -10,006,550 -1.92 Sulawesi 11,192,950 7,950,900 -3,242,050 -2.23 Maluku 5,790,800 5,820,975 30,175 0.07 Irian Jaya 35,192,725 33,382,475 -1,810,250 -0.38 Total 117,191,550 95,628,800 -21,562,750 -1.38 Source: FWI/GFW, 2002

Objectives and study area Indonesia Objectives: To identify proximate and underlying causes of deforestation inside a national park Kalimantan Island Study site: Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) West Kalimantan Established in 1990 90.000 ha (in the document) Source: MoF, 2002

Gunung Palung National Park (GPNP) is one of 50 national parks in Indonesia located in West Kalimantan. Established in 1990. GPNP is the habitat of Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), 236 birds species (Laman et al., 1996), and 73 mammals (Blundell, 1996). Comprises large variety of ecosystem, from coastal area to hilly mountain forest. The ecosystem has been threatened particularly after the economic crisis. Photo by: Tim Laman and GPNP Collection

Previous studies on GPNP Proximate causes of deforestation Illegal logging Agricultural expansion Forest fires Underlying causes of deforestation Legality of the boundary No implementation of zoning Lack of community supports High dependency of local people on the resources inside the park (Soekmadi, 2002; European Union, 2005)

Methods To examine land cover changes To identify the driving forces of farmers that related to the agricultural expansion inside the national park Deforestation Land use changes Socio-economic characteristics Spatial analysis (time series) Landsat TM, ETM (1992, 1999) SPOT5 (2004) Household survey: Type of land use Family size Education Monthly income Agricultural expansion Land cover map Identify the main proximate cause Identify the underlying driving causes Discussion

Methods Time series analysis remotely-sensed imagery Household survey Villages surrounding GPNP (17) Purposively selected, in the sense of encroachment Landsat 1992, 1999,SPOT5 2004 Geometric correction Normalize/ radiometric Subset to boundary P Village S Village Sd Village T Village Landsat 1992, 1999,corrected S Village (397) Randomly selected Pre-processing Processing With encroachment (160) Without encroachment (237) Select training area - Aerial Survey Field-base knowledge Supervised Classification Respondents (41) Randomly selected Forest cover map Interviews Key informants Group discussion

Location of household survey Study site Study site GPNP Source: MoF, 2002 Source: SPOT5 imagery, 2004

g Land cover changes 1992 1999 2004 Forest Illegal logging area Grass/shrub Mix garden/bush Open land Settlement No Data 2004

g Land cover changes Agricultural expansion Class 1992 1999 2004 ha % Forest 93,979 94.1 90,293 90.5 81,145 81.3 Illegal logging area 0.0 1,063 1.1 3,781 3.8 Mix garden/bush 2,636 2.6 4,557 4.6 9,040 9.1 Open land 847 0.8 722 0.7 804 Grass/shrub 2,358 2.4 3,185 3.2 4,132 4.1 Settlement 47 No data 871 0.9 Total 99,820 100.0 Agricultural expansion

g Land cover changes 2004 1999 1992 20 40 60 80 100 Forest Illegal logging area Mix garden/bush Open land Grass/shrub Settlement No Data 1999 1992 20 40 60 80 100 (X 1,000 ha)

Deforestation in GPNP, 1992-2004 Non Forest Deforestation 1992-1999 = 0.6% per year 1999-2004 = 2.0% per year

Deforestation in GPNP, 1992-2004 Rate of class change 1992-1999 1999-2004 Forest -3.9 -10.1 Illegal logging area 1.1 3.0 Mix Garden/Bush 2.0 5 Open Fallow -0.1 Grass/Shrub 0.9 1 Settlement No Data

Pattern of land cover changes, 1992-1999 g Forest 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 1,430 ha 989 ha 675 ha Mix Garden/ Bush Grass/ Shrub 118 ha 205 ha 237 ha 259 ha 1,051 ha 139 ha Open Land

Pattern of land cover changes, 1999-2004 g Forest 0 ha 0 ha 0 ha 4,501 ha 1,235 ha 428 ha Mix Garden/ Bush Grass/ Shrub 1,191 ha 198 ha 255 ha 225 ha 213 ha 264 ha Open Land

Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers Land-use type and allocation Type Area ha % Wet-rice 22.4 21 Dry-rice 29.8 28 Rubber garden 54.0 51 Total 106.2 100 1 rubber dry-rice 10 14 2 wet-rice Source: Field survey, 2007 (August 3, 2007). Source: Field survey, 2007. n=41. Land encroached: 83.8 ha Average: 2.0 ha/HH

Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers Family size Source: Field survey, 2007. n=41 Category: small (1-3 persons) = 13 HHs, middle (4-6) = 27 HHs large (>6) = 1 HH Average family size = 4 persons/HH

Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers Labor forces in a household Source: Field survey, 2007. n=41 Most of households opened new land by own labor. When a household had insufficient labor force to open larger area, “cooperative effort” (jejurukan) could be employed. This is a reciprocal exchange of labor force among households, which can be assumed as one of the reasons behind no correlation between labor force and the area of land encroached.

Socio-economic characteristic of encroachers Monthly income 1 kg rice = Rp.3,500/kg (= 43 円/kg) 1 kg rubber = Rp.6,000/kg (= 75 円/kg) (1 円 = Rp.80) Source: Field survey, 2007. n=41 Average income: Rp.1,252,700/month (=15,700円/month) Rubber is 79% from the total source income Dry-rice productivity: 400 kg/ha/year Rubber: 500 trees/ha, productivity: 6-8 kg/day on average

Discussions Illegal logging and agricultural expansion increased after economic crisis and decentralization which started in 1999. Rubber gardens have been increased inside the park. The objective to plant rubber was to leave property to descendants. Their decision to plant rubber inside the park was related to the soil condition. Zoning system of GPNP by clear demarcation (participatory mapping and communal agreement) is recommended. Alternative income sources also should be created by the government for the farmers to diminish their dependencies to the NP.