CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Source codes in a high-level programming language A program source codes that make sense to human programmers (C++ source codes) “statement” Week_01/001

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Assembly Instructions (Intel X86 assembly instructions) For human assembly programmers Memory address of each instruction Assembly instructions Week_01/002

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Machine Codes Machine codes (in Hex-Decimal) (Machine codes for “WinVNC.exe”) Each Hex-Decimal # consists of 8 bits “4C” = “01001100” (= “76”) We can no longer understand what a processor will do Week_01/003

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Machine codes (in binary expression) in memory Machine Codes (in binary format) Execute Processor Week_01/004

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Example: Hexadecimal Number File System Analyzer Week_01/009

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Memory Chip Memory Cell (= Capacitor) Memory Chip Memory Module Week_01/005

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Row Wire (Control Wire) Column Wire (Data) On/OFF Switch Memory Cell (= Capacitor) Capacitor = Water Tank Capacitor Capacitor On/OFF Switch Capacitor holds electricity Week_01/006

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Water Tank = Empty Bit = “0” There are only 2 different cases Water Tank = Full Bit = “1” Week_01/007

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture How does a memory module work? Week_01/008

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Example: Binary Number Network administrators should be able to perform this Week_01/008

CS 286 Computer Organization and Architecture Week_01/008