Chapter 7: Digital Images Section III: Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning Chapter 7: Digital Images

Frameworks: What we know. . . Do digital images enhance learning? If they are related to the text Assists the learner to understand the purpose Have a function such as illustrate or emphasize a particular point Greatly enhances learning for students with special needs 2

Frameworks: What we know. . . Do digital images have learning functions? Decoration Representation Organization Interpretation Transformation 3

Frameworks: What we know. . . What function do images used for decoration serve? Breaks up the text to make it more appealing to the reader. Example: 4

Frameworks: What we know. . . What function do images used for representation serve? Assist reader’s understanding of complex or unfamiliar concepts. Earth’s Core: 5

Frameworks: What we know. . . What function do images used for organizational images serve? Organizational images relate step-by-step processes and how-to explanations to the reader. Example: Step-by-step instructions for tying a Windsor knot. 6

Frameworks: What we know. . . What function do images used for interpretational serve? Provide the reader with assistance in understanding or interpreting abstract or difficult information Carbon cycle 7

Frameworks: What we know. . . What function do images used for transformation serve? Images used for transformation aid the reader in transforming the text information by viewing pictures using application of mnemonic (memory enhancing) pictures. Trichina is a roundworm found in uncooked pork. 8

Basics: Digital Images What are pixels? (short for picture elements) Tiny squares that make up a digital image. A tonal value (black, white, shades of gray or color. A photo is similar to a mosaic with each tile being a pixel. 9

Basics: Obtaining Digital Images What can I obtain digital images? Digital cameras Scanners CD/DVD collections Web collections Screenshots 10

Basics: Digital Image Resolution What is resolution and why do I care? Image created from the number of pixels or dots used. Relates to the sharpness of the image. Resolution is defined for computer monitors digital cameras printers Needs vary for electronic files VS. print files. 11

Basics: More Digital Image Resolution Consider how the image will be ultimately used. Electronic? Measured in pixels per inch (ppi) Output on the computer Does not need to be high resolution - 72-96 ppi High resolution photos will appear very large on the computer screen Print? Measured in dots per inch (dpi) Needs to be high resolution - At least 300 dpi Larger file sizes take up more memory.

Basics: Digital Camera Are there basic parts to a camera that are fundamental to using it effectively? Power on/off button Camera modes Optical viewfinder LCD screen Camera lens Shutter Flash Memory sources Power sources 13

Basics: Digital Camera Modes Are there different camera modes to use? Record Mode Take photos Access menu to select settings (resolution) Make adjustments (flash and zoom) Playback mode Works with LCD viewer View images Erase unwanted images May have video mode Record brief video (determined by storage capacity 14

Basics: Viewfinder or LCD? Does it matter whether I use the viewfinder or LCD? Optical viewfinder Small window located on the back of the camera Uses no power Not part of the lens so not accurate LCD screen Small screen located at the back of the camera Used for previewing More accurate than viewfinder Drains battery power quickly 15

Basics: Camera Lenses Are all camera lenses the same? Camera lenses Made of plastic or glass Differ in quality and ability to takes photos at distances Fixed focus: cannot vary focal length Digital zoom Optical zoom 16

Basics: Shutter and Flash What is the function of the shutter and flash? Shutter (inside lens) Lets light into lens when pressed Shutter lab Causes blurry photos Flash Control on light shown on the photo Avoid red eye by NOT shooting in low light 17

Basics: Memory Sources Are there different types of memory for a camera? Fixed memory Limited amount of “onboard” memory Removable memory Offers more space Can be erased and reused Easy transfer from camera to computer Types Compact flash(CF), Secure Digital (SD) Memory Sticks (Sony) 18

Basics: Connectivity How do I connect the camera to the computer? USB or Firewire cable/port Card reader Dock Wireless connection 19

Basics: Scanners Are all scanners the same? Models Flatbed Sheet-fed Film Scanner software is needed Special software for scanning text - OCR Connectivity USB Resolution Set the resolution for the destination of the file (print or electronic)

Basics: CD and Web Collections How do I get an image from a CD collection or Web Collection? CD collection Big Box of Art Export file to flash drive Web collection Many free sites (see On the Web) Google images: what about copyright? Save the file to the flash drive Resolution Will be set at electronic resolution unless noted

Basics: Saving Digital Files Are there file types to use when working with digital still images? JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group Support full color Used for photos (digital cameras) Lossy compression Used for web GIF: Graphics Interchange Format Supports 256 distinct colors Small files Lossless compression 22

Basics: More File Types PNG: Portable Network Graphics Support full color Small files Lossless compression Used for web Not recognized by older browsers TIFF: Tagged Image File Format Supports full color Very large files Used for print-based 23

Basics: More About Graphics Can I resize all images and retain the sharpness of the image? Raster (bit-mapped) Created with cameras, scanners, camcorders and screen captures Consists of pixels. Can be made smaller but not larger without distortion Vector (objects-based) Developed in drawing programs Created by set of mathematical instructions that identify shapes, curves and lines. Can be stretched without distortion.

Basics: More About Graphics Can I reduce the size of images? High quality graphics are very large files and therefore hard to store, email, or view on the web. Compression Reducing the size of the file Too much compression affects image quality Lossless and Lossy Compression Lossless: no data is lost during compression. GIF Lossy: data is lost each time the image is compressed. JPEG

Basics: Legal and Ethical Use Are there legal and ethical considerations for use of digital images? Copyright Law Addresses the legal and ethical use of images by others Fairuse Places stipulations on use so that permission is not required May use in a face-to-face environment for education

Basics: Legal and Ethical Use What is the legal and ethical use of Illustrations and photographs Photo: May use a complete photo from a photographer but not more than 5 from a particular photographer Collection: May use 15 photos for 10% whichever is smallest Take your own photos: none of children without parent permission Resources from the Web Can be downloaded and used for in-class projects but not republished on the web

Voices in the Classroom Using Digital Images in Early Learning Vicki Wells 1st grade teacher Dogwood Elementary in Tennessee In this Voice, Vickie Wells, inner-city teacher, discusses how she uses digital cameras with her 1st grade students. Making books to record classroom activities, finding shapes at the school and identifying the helpers at the school are ways that she integrates digital cameras into language arts, math and social studies.

For more information Go to the textbook companion website: http://www.pearsonhighered.com/obannon2e Or http://web.utk.edu/~bobannon/preparing