The Reformation and Counter Reformation The shift in political and spiritual beliefs

The Protestant Reformation Begins https://youtu.be/IATyzSAjC1w

Renaissance Humanism IMPORTANT REMINDER…. Humanism – way of understanding the world that believed that the individual and human society were important

The Weakening of the Roman Catholic Church and Calls to Reform Catholicism in the 1400s Roman Catholic Church—influential, extravagant, and worldly Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots Concerns crystallized into the Protestant Reformation Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened Heavy taxation also caused discontent Dissatisfaction Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences: pardons reduced a soul’s time in purgatory Needed money for St. Peter’s Basilica Financing Basilica Catholics believed dead went to purgatory, worked off sins committed Sale of indulgences widely criticized Government separate from the church Working Off Sins

Calls to Reform - John Wycliffe English scholar Objected the authority of the Pope and the Church to take English money Had The Bible translated from Latin to English so regular folks could read it Key voice during the Great Schisms – questioned the authority of the Pope He and his followers persecuted by the Church for heresy Lasting legacy This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Calls to Reform – Jan Hus Priest from Bohemia Agreed with Wycliffe – but added the true head of The Church was Jesus Christ Wanted The Bible and mass services to be held in common languages (or vernacular). Charged with heresy and burned at the stake Influenced others…like Martin Luther Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Calls to Reform – Catherine of Sienna Remember Sienna from our Renaissance Act-it-Out?!?! Italian mystic (a person devoted to religion and has spiritual experiences) Heavily involved in The Church – but more spiritual Convinced Pope Gregory XI to move the papacy back to Rome from Avignon, France. Declared a saint by the church based on her deep spirituality – not her religious practices. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Calls to Reform – Desiderus Eramus Dutch priest – HUMANIST 1509 – published his book The Praise of Folly (folly = foolishness) – a satire of the society and the abuses of power by the church. Highly interested and pushed for reform Wanted to make changes from the inside Translated The Bible from Latin to German vernacular This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Calls to Reform – Martin Luther 1517 – challenged the Catholic Church and led a movement known as Protestantism (to Protest) Believed that only faith = salvation Ninety Five Theses – arguments against indulgences (Wittenberg) Excommunicated by Pope Created his own denomination (branch) Ended up siding with the elite during war

The Ninety-Five Theses Stimulated Discussion Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolical beginning of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther believed selling indulgences sinful In theses (95), said indulgences had no power to remit sin Criticized power of pope, wealth of church Theses written in Latin, intended for church leaders, not common people The Ninety-Five Theses Nailing theses to church door common practice; doors used like community bulletin boards Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople Desire for reform grew Stimulated Discussion

Martin Luther and the Break Luther’s Message Following publication of theses, Luther continued to study, debate Contradicted basic Catholic beliefs, insisted God’s grace can’t be won by good works; faith alone needed 1519, declared only head of Christian Church was Jesus, not pope Empowered the People Insisted that individual Christians should be own interpreters of scripture, Christian practices should come only from Bible To aid this process, Luther translated Bible into German Translation allowed more people to read Bible without aid of clergy

Martin Luther - Reactions Reactions to Luther Church’s Response 1520, Pope Leo X expelled Luther from the Church 1521, Luther summoned to appear before Holy Roman emperor Charles V German Diet Luther appeared before emperor, German Diet, or assembly, at city of Worms Refused to change opinions Edict of Worms Emperor handed down Edict of Worms Declared Luther to be outlaw, condemned his writings Luther’s ideas spread Protestant 1529, Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany German princes issued protestatio, protest, against this Term Protestant came from this

Martin Luther - Reactions Question: Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day. Answer(s): God's grace cannot be won by good works but by faith; leader of church is Jesus, not pope; people can interpret scripture; practices come from Bible; challenged Catholic practices and the authority of the pope

Further Calls to Reform – Huldrych Zwyngli Priest from Switzerland Influenced by Eramus and Luther Wanted religious focus to be solely based on The Bible - persuaded his local government to ban any worship not based on The Bible Attached the notion of saints, relics and images In the churches that followed his teachings, no music, no singing, no images/statues This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Further Calls to Reform – John Calvin French humanist Wrote the book Institutes of the Christian Religion – highly respected book God decides everything in advance, including who will go to heaven and hell: Predestination To prove they were “chosen” people lived good lives and worked hard Kings couldn’t run the church Became the Puritans Believed in theocracy-church led government This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Further Calls to Reform – John Calvin Background John Calvin most important Protestant reformer next to Martin Luther Educated in France, influenced by Erasmus, Renaissance humanists Supported reforms of Luther in Germany Influenced by Augustine Preached doctrine of predestination God knows who will be saved, guides lives of those destined for salvation Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change predestined end People Sinful by Nature Geneva became theocracy under Calvin; strict laws regulated behavior Strictness at heart of Calvinism’s appeal, gave sense of mission, discipline Calvinists making world fit for “elect” who had been chosen for salvation

Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII Formed the Church of England – proclaimed himself the head 6 wives (2 divorces, 2 beheaded) because he wanted a son Pope refused his request for annulment, makes like the marriage never happened 1534 The Act of Supremacy declared the king head of the Church of England not the pope No longer wanted to share his power.

Further Calls to Reform – William Tyndale English poet, scholar and writer Attached the corruption of the Catholic church – advocated for the Church of England Burned at the stake for heresy Translated the New Testament and parts of the Old Testament into English.

The Spread and Impact of the Reformation Catholics & Protestants

Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. Reformation began with the king in England 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” A King’s Protest By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled Pope would not agree to annulment Annulment Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment Dilemma became “the king’s great matter” Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Opposition

The Catholic Church’s Counter-Reformation - Council of Trent Recognizing the need to redefine the doctrines of Catholic faith, Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent in 1545. Delegates examined Catholic practices and clarified teaching on important points. Delegates addressed abuses Reforms addressed corruption of clergy Training of priests regulated Financial abuses curbed Sale of indulgences abolished Reforms Rejected Protestants’ emphasis on self-discipline, individual faith Argued church helped believers achieve salvation using mystery, magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith Mystery No compromise between Catholicism, Protestantism Bold action great boost to Catholicism, renewed energy, confidence Jesuit schools expanded scope of church worldwide; Renaissance women in religious orders took more active roles No Compromise

Further Calls to Reform – King Henry VIII Protestant Reformation began with criticisms of the Catholic Church by priests and other religious thinkers. Reformation began with the king in England 1509, Henry VIII became king, age 17 Devout Catholic - wrote angry protests against Luther’s ideas Actions won him title “Defender of the Faith” A King’s Protest By 1525, Henry had only one child, Mary Henry wanted male heir, thought female monarch would weaken England Decided to have marriage to Catherine annulled Pope would not agree to annulment Annulment Catherine, nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, also opposed annulment Dilemma became “the king’s great matter” Arguing with Pope, Henry fell in love with Anne Boleyn Opposition

The Reformation Parliment Henry Takes Over Reformation Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under authority of pope Henry became head of Church of England Church of England Henry changed rituals of church very little Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles This built more public support for split from Catholic Church Act of Supremacy Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married; marriage to Catherine annulled Later that year Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth Act of Supremacy passed; Henry VIII “Supreme Head of Church of England” Protestantism would go through varying levels of support with Henry’s heirs

The Reformation Parliment Main Idea Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church. Their work turned back the tide of Protestantism in some areas and renewed the zeal of Catholics everywhere.

The Counter Reformation 1500s & 1600s Catholic Church set out to defeat Protestantism = Counter – Reformation Bloody wars were fought until 1648 Pope Paul III formed the Council of Trent to fix the Catholic Church Jesuits – Society of Jesus, pope’s agents to spread Catholicism Catholic kings sent missionaries to convert

Pope Paul III

More Counter Reformation The Thirty Years’ War-worst religious war of the Reformation Protestants to the North of Europe, Catholics to the South of Europe The Spanish Inquisition – Catholic Court used to combat heresy Executed 2,000 Spaniards King Henry IV of France a Catholic king allowed French Protestants (Huguenots) to worship

France France Inquisition

Henry IV Of Spain

The Six Wives of Henry VIII

Back and Forth in England Henry’s daughter Mary becomes queen in 1553 and restores Catholicism Arrested Protestants and had 300 burned at the stake, “Bloody Mary” After 5 years Mary died, her half-sister takes the throne--Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I – restored the Anglican Church and became a great leader

Bloody Mary

Elizabeth I