AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA Video motion

AV Media Audiovisual education or multimedia-based education (MBE) is instruction where particular attention is paid to the audio and visual presentation of the material with the goal of improving comprehension and retention. The success of creating a video is when viewers are able to grasp the information the video author tries to convey. This is also true when students are able to understand the particular content of lesson through the use of motion media.

Content Television Broadcast Transmission Satellite Transmission Microwave Relay Station Cable Transmission Closed-Circuit Television Film Video 8mm Video Formats Beta Format DV Video DVD Video Format HDTV LaserDisc Video Format M Format Video 8mm Video Formats Beta Format DV Video DVD Video Format HDTV LaserDisc Video Format M Format VHS Format Material eXchange Format (MFX) QuickTime Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) Flash Video Format RealPlayer Windows Media Video D IV X

Television Television is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images. It may specifically refer to television set, television programs or television transmission. Television set now is frequently being used for viewing recorded material from video cassettes, laser discs, DVS discs and Blu- ray discs. If a television set do not provide for tuning and broadcast signals, and its purpose is just a display device, then it is not called a television. It is just a monitor instead.

Five Types of delivery system for television Broadcast Transmission It is a transmission of powerful electromagnetic waves through the air. Satellite Transmission Satellite television is television delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by a satellite dish and set-top box Microwave Relay Station Microwave relay stations are tall towers that receive television signals, amplify them, and retransmit them as a microwave signal to the next relay station. Closed-Circuit Television CCTV refers to transmission of television images directly from a camera to a nearby television display by means of a cable Cable Transmission Cable television uses a mater antenna that receives the signal then redistributed to areas by coaxial cable or, more recently, by fiber-optic cable

Television for Instruction There are television programs carried on public TV such as documentaries, dramas, news public affairs features, musical performances, science programs, etc. that can be used as an add on to instruction. There are also programs that are customized to meet specific objects in a curriculum. Cable and satellite TV programs can also aid instruction and be more advantageous than public broadcasts due to availability of multiple channels offering specialized programs such as Animal Planet, ESPN, or Music Channels. They can also provide flexibility since there are several programs repeated at different hours that allow teachers to match their classroom schedules.

Film Film refers to the celluloid material on which a series of still images are chemically imprinted. Traditionally films are made up of a series of individual images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring.

Film Today film encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects. Film formats typically depends on its size. Common film sizes are the following: 35mm 4-perf 35mm 8-perf 65mm 5-perf 65mm 10-perf 65mm 15-perf (IMAX)

Aspect Ratio Test (Should appear circular) 16x9 4x3 The figure below illustrates common film formats showing the name, width, scale, and perforations

Video Video refers to several storage formats for moving eye pictures: digital video formats, including DVD, QuickTime, and MPEG-4; and analog ideotapes, including VHS and Betamax format that employs a cathode-ray screen to display moving images. Video can be recorded and transmitted in various physical media: in magnetic tape when recorded as PAL or NTSC electric signals by video cameras, or in MPEG-4 or DV digital media when recorded by digital cameras.

Video formats 8mm Video Formats Beta Format Digital Video DVD Video Format HDTV LaserDisc Video Format M Format (Matsushita Format) Windows Media Video Xvid VHS Format MXF Format (Material eXchange Format) QuickTime Moving Picture Experts Group Flash Video Format RealPlayer D IV X H.264

Tips in Shooting Videos 1. Use manual focus if your camcorder has it. 2. Set white balance at every location. 3. When shooting outdoors, keep the sun behind you. 4. Plan your shoot. 5. Use a tripod or other image stabilization device. 6. For handheld stability, imagine that your camcorder is a very full cup of hot coffee. 7. Use the zoom to compose your shot. Avoid zooming while the tape is rolling. 8. Move the camcorder only when necessary. 9. Shoot to edit. 10. Keep your average shot length between 5 and 10 seconds. 11. Keep the shot steady (no zoom or pan) for at least 10 seconds. 12. While shooting, be as inconspicuous as possible to best capture the true behavior of your subject. 13. Make sure theres adequate lighting when recording digital movies 14. Shoot close-ups because the video will be viewed in a small window on the computer 15. Experiment with different compression options to obtain the best quality at the smallest file size 16. Check copyright restrictions on video segments, specially for material that will be used outside the classroom

Advantages of Motion Media Manipulation of Space –events in microcosm and macrocosm Motion media allows us to witness a phenomenon at an extremely close range or from a vast distance. Events in a microspic level such as unicellular organisms reproduction or celestial events at macro scale can be viewed and reviewed when possible. Alteration of Time- slowing down, reversing, or stopping time Motion media permits us to move through space in an altered time. It allows us to move through time at a faster rate like a video of a human development. Such event would take several years to follow at normal space and time Compression of Time. In motion media a subject is captured at a rate much slower than it will be played back. This refers to Time-lapse photography that when replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

Advantages of Motion Media Processes that would normally appear subtle to the human eye, such as the motion of the sun and stars in the sky, become very pronounced. Time-lapse is the extreme version of the cinematography technique of undercranking, and can be confused with stop motion animation.stop motion Some classic subjects of timelapse photography include: cloudscapes and celestial motion plants growing and flowers opening fruit rotting evolution of a construction project people in the city Expansion of Time. This is an effect in film-making whereby time appears to be slowed down known as Slow motion or slowmo. It was invented by Austrian August Musger. Typically this style is achieved when each film frame is captured at a rate much faster than it will be played back. When replayed at normal speed, time appears to be moving more slowly.time AustrianAugust Musgerfilm Slow motion is ubiquitous in modern filmmaking. It is used by diverse directors to achieve diverse effects. Some classic subjects of slow motion include: Athletic activities of all kinds, to demonstrate skill and style. To recapture a key moment in an athletic game, typically shown as a replay.replay Natural phenomena, such as a drop of water hitting a glass.

Animation Animation is a technique in which the filmmaker gives motion to otherwise inanimate objects. Time and space can be manipulated by animation. Actualization of concepts are simplified and made easy through animation especially when real subjects that cannot possibly be taken. Safe observation Skill observation and learning Dramatization Affective Learning Problem Solving Cultural Understanding Advantages of Motion Media

Fixed Pace Motion media runs at a fixed pace although it can be stopped during discussion. In a video viewing for a class students may not be able to follow through on segments they are unable to understand. Still Phenomena There are just some objects Misinterpretation Cost Logistics Limitations of Motion Media

Utilizing Motion Media for Instruction Motion media in the classroom can be very advantageous if properly used. Below are steps that will help attain instructional objectives through motion media: 1. Conduct preview Watch the motion media you are to utilize for instruction first before using it in the classroom. This would help you identify which part of the motion media you are to show and allows you to prepare activities for your students after the viewing. 2. Prepare environment Prepare the environment where you are to conduct the viewing. Check the equipments to be used, the tapes or discs if they are in proper condition. Check the lighting and ventilation including the seating arrangements. All this will help you avoid delays as some motion media may take longer viewing time.

Utilizing Motion Media for Instruction 3. Prepare audience Prior to showing of motion media, prepare your students by giving them a brief overview of what they will be watching and informing them what is expected of them after watching the movie. You may ask students to do some prework activities such as conducting a background check or research on the history of the subject matter at hand when necessary. You may also tell them what they should take notice of and or give them guide questions to follow. 4. Present the material Present the material. Remind students regarding the rules to follow while viewing. Make sure students are paying attention and you are observing strictly the schedule. 5. Require learner participation Right after the viewing session, conduct follow-up activities to ensure students learn from the material and to clarify any misinterpretations. Do not leave any lesson topic in hanging in midair. 6. Evaluate Evaluate if the motion media shown is able to achieve its purpose of helping attain instructional objectives. Otherwise another instructional media may be used or further discussion by the teacher is needed.

Zalsos, Elmer Lyle V.