Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation: The effect of intensity on local and distal cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature in healthy subjects

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Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation: The effect of intensity on local and distal cutaneous blood flow and skin temperature in healthy subjects Fiona L. Cramp, DPhil, Gillian R. McCullough, BSc, Andrea S. Lowe, DPhil, Deirdre M. Walsh, DPhil Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Volume 83, Issue 1, Pages 5-9 (January 2002) DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2002.27478 Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Placement of the TENS electrodes, the skin thermistor probes, laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) probes, and Ag/AgCl recording electrodes. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 5-9DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.27478) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Summary of forearm skin blood perfusion differences plotted against time for each of the experimental groups (mean ± SEM; n = 10 for all groups). Negative values represent a decrease and positive values an increase in skin blood perfusion from baseline. Significant differences between groups: *P ≤.01; †P ≤.0001. Legend: ▴, above motor threshold; ●, below motor threshold; ■, perception threshold; □, control. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 5-9DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.27478) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Summary of index finger skin blood perfusion differences plotted against time for each of the experimental groups (mean ± SEM; n = 10 for all groups). Negative values represent a decrease in and positive values an increase in skin blood perfusion from baseline. Legend: ▴, above motor threshold; ●, below motor threshold; ■, perception threshold; □, control. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 5-9DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.27478) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Summary of forearm skin temperature differences plotted against time for each of the experimental groups (mean ± SEM; n = 10 for all groups). Negative values represent a decrease in and positive values an increase in temperature from baseline. Legend: ▴, above motor threshold; ●, below motor threshold; ■, perception threshold; □, control. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002 83, 5-9DOI: (10.1053/apmr.2002.27478) Copyright © 2002 American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Terms and Conditions