Vasco Nhabinde Johannesburg, October 2018 REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE MINISTERIO DA ECONOMIA E FINANCAS Summary of multidimensional poverty results for Mozambique Vasco Nhabinde Johannesburg, October 2018

Background The exercise of poverty estimates started in 1996/1997; The first three evaluations presented only estimates and trends of consumption poverty. The Government see’s poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon Therefore using the household survey (IOF2014/15), the Government of Mozambique using AF methodology estimated multidimensional poverty as complementary to consumption poverty.

When did this process start The process was preceded by several regional workshops held in 2015 with UNDP and UNICEF collaboration; Participants were from public and private sectors, civil society and academia; The objectives were to: Discuss the relevance of multidimensional poverty estimates and their importance in terms of policy implications; Sharing experiences on multidimensional poverty views; Reflect on an appropriate multidimensional aspects of poverty;

What came out from the Workshops We came out with consensus of different multidimensional aspects for poverty analysis in the country, some of which: Education (access to school, cultural factor); Housing (where people can live with dignity); Sanitation / Water (access to latrines and potable water); Access to road / transport (the costs of transport from home to work place); Infant malnutrition (due to insufficient calories per day); Job Opportunity and sustainability; Access to health care facilities; Vulnerability to crimes; Deprivation (some indicators): Living in a place with accessible water within 0.5 Km; Access to latrines / health care facilities and/or school within 2 km;

How we built the MPI for Mozambique Based on the results from workshops and data from household surveys, the indicators were divided into two different groups: Using data from the first four surveys; Using data from 2014/15 household survey; The indicators were aggregated based on Alkire-Foster methodology (A-F)

Multidimensional Poverty from the first group of Surveys Four dimensions and six indicators at the household level and giving the same weight to all of them. Dimensions Indicators Education completed primary school Health Access to safe water sources Access to safe sanitation Housing Conditions Roof Access to electricity Durable goods Common durable goods If the households are deprived of at least four of the six indicators, they are considered multidimensional poor.

The Results based on this approach 96/97 02/03 08/09 14/15 País 86 76 69 55 Urban 50 41 31 18 Rural 95 92 72 Niassa 89 77 73 Cabo Delgado 97 90 83 64 Nampula 85 82 68 Zambézia 96 88 75 Tete 67 Manica 70 Sofala 71 62 46 Inhambane 81 60 43 Gaza 79 52 47 23 Maputo Pr 38 7 Maputo Cd 13 3 1 The household is poor if deprived in 4 of the 6 indicators Significant reduction in multidimensional poverty This poverty is higher in rural areas compared to urban areas

Multidimensional Poverty based on 2014/15 household survey Three Dimensions where considered Education; Health and health care facilities;  Living standard; Were identified 17 indicators: Access to Primary school; adult in household with primary education; child education; secure water sources; sanitation;

Multidimensional Poverty based on 2014/15 household survey access to health; infant malnutrition; number of person in the bedroom; wall of the house; floor, coverage; access to electricity; access to transport, market, security; the ownership of durable goods for the household Cutoff k = 40%

Dimension Indicator Condition of deprivation of the household (AF) Education (1/3) Access to primary school (1/9) The nearest elementary school is more than 30 minutes on foot Someone in the household has completed EP1 (1/9) If no one has completed 1st Grade Schooling of children (1/9) At least one school-age child does not attend school Health / Health determinants (1/3) Safe water source (1/15) If the AF does not use piped water (indoors, out of the house / yard), or water from the sink, or well or mechanical or manual water pump or bottled water or bottled water Safe sanitation (1/15) If the AF uses unimproved latrine, or does not have any type of toilet or latrine Access to health (1/15) The nearest health facility is more than 30 minutes on foot Access to water source (1/15) The nearest water source is more than 30 minutes on foot Chronic malnutrition (1/15) At least one child aged 0-59 months suffers from chronic malnutrition Life Standards (1/3) People by Room (1/27) It has 4 people or more per room to sleep Ground (1/27) If the floor is not made of parquet, lumber, tile / marble / tile or cement Walls (1/27) If the walls are not made of cement blocks or brick blocks Coverage of conventional material (1/27) If the AF house is not covered by concrete slab, or tile, or sheets (of lusalite or zinc) Access to electricity (1/27) If the FA does not have access to electricity Market access (1/27) The nearest market is more than 30 minutes on foot Access to transportation (1/27) The nearest transport stop is more than 30 minutes on foot Access to safety (1/27) The nearest police station is more than 30 minutes on foot Possession of durable goods, rural assets and livestock (1/27) If AF does not have at least 3 durable goods from a list of most common durable goods (bicycle, car, motorbike, TV, radio, telephone, computer, printer, bed, glacier, freezer, (plow, chainsaw, tractor, trolley, thresher, electric pump, fishing boat, fish tank, sewing machine), or do not have at least 2 heads of cattle, 2 donkeys, 12 kids, or 24 chickens or ducks

Results from 2014/15 household survey Nacional 53.8 Urbano 17.6 Rural 70.5 Norte 67.8 Centro 61.5 Sul 18.2 Niassa 68.8 Cabo Delgado 64.1 Nampula 68.9 Zambézia 70.2 Tete 63.6 Manica 45.7 Sofala 53.5 Inhambane 46.6 Gaza Maputo Prov 6.8 Maputo City 0.4 multidimensional poverty amount to 53.8% at national level; With rural areas leading with 70.5% while urban areas this amount to 17.6%; Regionally north provinces are presents higher levels of multidimensional poverty (67.8%), followed by the center (61.5%) and the south (18.2%); Six provinces: Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Zambézi and Tete, presents levels above 60%.

Some final Remarks Overall multidimensional poverty reduced since household surveys have been carried out; Where based only on six indicators (for comparability) the proportion of deprived population fell from 47 per cent to 14 per cent between 1996/97 and 2014/15 However, large differences remain between urban and rural areas, and between provinces; There are two dimension that progressed well in Mozambique: access to education and water; Indicators such as housing, access to safe sanitation, electricity and durable goods need to be rapidly improved;

Thank you Very Much