Seismic waves 4.6 Recall that seismic waves are generated by earthquakes or explosions 4.9 Recall that seismic waves can be longitudinal (P) waves and.

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Seismic waves 4.6 Recall that seismic waves are generated by earthquakes or explosions 4.9 Recall that seismic waves can be longitudinal (P) waves and transverse (S) waves and that they can be reflected and refracted at boundaries between the crust, mantle and core 4.11 Demonstrate an understanding of how P and S waves travel inside the Earth including reflection and refraction (H)

Japanese earthquake (2011)

Crust - a thin layer of rock (like the shell of a egg) Structure of the Earth Crust - a thin layer of rock (like the shell of a egg) Mantle mostly solid rock but also contains molten rock called magma Inner core (solid) made of nickel and iron Outer core (liquid) made of nickel and iron.

Main activity P-waves and S-waves

Explain the differences between the seismic waves, P-waves and S-waves Explain the differences between the seismic waves, P-waves and S-waves. How has the study of these waves helped us to understand about the structure of the Earth? Key words Longitudinal Transverse Fastest Liquid Solid Shadow zone Refracted Primary Secondary

Plate tectonics Most (but not all) earthquakes happen at the boundaries between tectonic plates

Seismic waves P waves: S waves: When an Earthquakes happens SEISMIC WAVES are generated. They travel through the body of the Earth. There are two types of seismic wave: P waves: They are longitudinal They can pass through solids and liquids They go faster than S waves S waves: They are transverse They ONLY pass through solids They are slower than P waves

Seismic waves As P waves travel through the Earth they are refracted, making us think it is made up of different layers. S waves will only travel through a solid Shadow zone – S or P waves not detected here!

Seismic waves S waves will only travel through a solid P waves travel through the Earth and are refracted when they pass through a medium The paths of these waves are all curved because density is gradually changing These observations tell us 3 things about the Earth: 1) It has a thin crust, 2) it has a semi-fluid mantle where density increases with depth, 3) a core with a liquid outer part and a solid inner part.

Using Seismometers to detect location of earthquakes

Time difference between the arrival of P waves and S waves can be used to find out the distance from epicentre.

Data from 3 or more seismometers can be used to locate the epicentre of the earthquake; this is called TRIANGULATION.