Pathophysiological roles of galanin-like peptide in the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland  Hitoshi Suzuki, Tatsushi Onaka, Govindan Dayanithi, Yoichi Ueta  Pathophysiology  Volume 17, Issue 2, Pages 135-140 (April 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.007 Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Galanin-like peptide (GALP) gene expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) (A) and posterior pituitary gland (PP) (B) under normal conditions. ‘White’ is the most intense signal and ‘black’ is the least intense signal. AP, anterior pituitary; IL, intermediate lobe; PP, posterior pituitary. Scale bars represent 1mm. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 135-140DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.007) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Effects of osmotic stimuli such as dehydration and salt loading on galanin-like peptide (GALP) mRNA levels in the posterior pituitary gland (PP) (A). Dehydration for 4 days and salt loading (2% NaCl to drink) for 4 and 7 days caused marked increase of GALP mRNA levels in the PP. Typical examples obtained from control and salt loaded rats are shown in (B) and (C), respectively. Strong signals after salt loading were completely abolished by the mixture of 100-fold unlabelled GALP probe in the hybridization buffer. ‘White’ is the most intense signal and ‘black’ is the least intense signal. AP, anterior pituitary; IL, intermediate lobe; PP, posterior pituitary. Scale bars represent 1mm. ‘n’ is number of rats. **P<0.01 vs. control. Modified with permission from Fig. 7 in Ref. [41]. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 135-140DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.007) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Effects of intraperitoneal (ip) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (250μg/kg body weight) on galanin-like peptide (GALP) mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) (A). Effect of pretreatment with indomethacin (Indo) on the LPS-induced GALP gene expression in the Arc (B). Vehicle (0.01M anhydrous sodium carbonate) (0.5ml/rat) or Indo (5mg/kg b.w.) in 0.01M anhydrous sodium carbonate (0.5ml/rat) was ip injected 30min before ip injection of vehicle (pyrogen-free 0.9% saline) (1ml/rat) or LPS (250mg/kg b.w.) in pyrogen-free 0.9% saline (1ml/rat) (B) (n=6 in each group). Bars of vehicle ip+vehicle ip and vehicle ip+LPS ip were the same as those at 12h in (A). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. each control. #P<0.01 vs. LPS treated rats. All rats were decapitated at 12h after ip injection of LPS or vehicle (B). Bright-field photomicrographs of emulsion-dipped sections hybridized to a [35S]-labeled oligodeoxynucleotide probe complementary to galanin-like peptide mRNA in the arcuate nucleus 12h after ip injection of pyrogen-free 0.9% saline (1ml/rat) (C) and ip injection of LPS (250mg/kg body weight) (D). The third ventricle (3V) is visible in the center of the micrographs. Scale bar represents 1mm. These figures are combined with permission from Figs. 2 and 3 from Ref. [33]. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 135-140DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.007) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Summary of the effects of galanin-like peptide on the hypothalamic–neurohypophysial system and the hypothalamic–adrenohypophysial system. Pathophysiology 2010 17, 135-140DOI: (10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.007) Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions