Cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus in semen of homosexual men  Joshua Lupton, B.S., Jack Vernamonti, B.A., Clinton McCabe, B.S., Jacob Noble, B.S., Hui Zhong Yin, M.D., Robert C. Eyre, M.D., Ann A. Kiessling, Ph.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 101, Issue 2, Pages 350-358 (February 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.040 Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Transmission electron micrographs of CMV in semen of HIV-infected men. (A) Lower-power view of CMV particles inside an infected cell, with the characteristics of a macrophage; (B) higher-power view of a cluster of CMV particles between a sperm head and a cross-section through a sperm tail. Fertility and Sterility 2014 101, 350-358DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.040) Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Bioanalyzer read-out of CMV DNA PCR. The PCR products loaded into a DNA 1000 “lab-on-a-chip” (Agilent Bioanalyzer) for microelectrophoresis are separated according to size, and the resulting electropherogram is rendered as a gel image for easy interpretation of products. Lane L is the base pair ladder; lanes 1–6 are β-globin internal control PCR products (172 bp) of semen specimens assigned laboratory log numbers 12162, 12192, and 12121, plus a new positive control preparation, the old positive control, and a PCR blank. Lanes 7–12 are CMV PCR products (220 bp) from the same semen specimens and controls. Cytomegalovirus DNA was detectable in log numbers 12192 and 12121 but not 12162. Fertility and Sterility 2014 101, 350-358DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.040) Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Frequency of CMV-positive semen specimens relative to CD4+ lymphocytes per microliter of blood. The ratios of CMV-positive semen specimens to total specimens from the cohort of men submitting three semen specimens for analysis were grouped according to CD4+ lymphocyte counts in bins of 100–300, 301–500, 501–700, 701–900, 901–1,100, 1,101–1,300, and 1,301–1,500. Numbers in the bars are CMV+ specimens per total specimens in that group. Using Fisher's two-tailed exact test, semen specimens were statistically significantly more likely to test positive for CMV if the man's peripheral blood CD4+ cell count was <700/μL blood (P=.0005). Fertility and Sterility 2014 101, 350-358DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.040) Copyright © 2014 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions