Chapter 2 Overview of Graphics Systems

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 Overview of Graphics Systems Computer Graphics Chapter 2 Overview of Graphics Systems

1. Video Display Devices (1/15) Typical Output Device: Video Monitor Refresh CRT(Cathode-Ray Tubes) A beam of electrons (cathode ray) Electron gun => 전자를 생성 Focusing systems => 전자를 한 곳으로 모음 Deflection systems => 전자의 방향을 제어 Phosphor-coated screen => 빛으로 변환 The light emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly → To redraw the picture repeatedly → Refresh CRT 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (2/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Electron Gun Heated metal cathode: To boil off electrons Control Grid: To control the intensity of the beam Intensity of the electron beam Controlled by voltage levels on the control grid 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (3/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Focusing Systems To force electron beam to converge to a small cross section as it strikes the phosphor Electrostatic focusing or Magnetic focusing 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (4/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Deflection Systems Can be controlled by either with electric fields or with magnetic fields Two pairs of deflection plates to control Vertical deflection Horizontal deflection 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (5/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Phosphor-coated screen The transfer of the CRT beam energy to the phosphor The electrons in the beam collide with the phosphor coating Their kinetic energy is absorbed by the phosphor Converted by friction into heat energy, causes excited phosphor electrons → spot of light 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (6/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Persistence How long phosphors continue to emit light after the CRT beam is removed? Defined as the time it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay to one-tenth of its original intensity Usually in the range from 10 to 60 microseconds Lower-persistence phosphor → requires higher refresh rates → useful for animation High-persistence phosphor → useful for static picture 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (7/15) Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes (cont.) Resolution The maximum number of points that can be displayed without overlap on a CRT (Ex: 1280 x 1024) Spot intensity has a Gaussian distribution Spot size depends on intensity Aspect ratio The ratio of vertical points to horizontal points 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (8/15) Raster-Scan Displays 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (9/15) Raster-Scan Displays (Cont.) Raster-Scan display : the most common type of CRT Refresh Buffer (Frame Buffer) Picture definition is stored in memory Pixel or Pel (Picture Element) Each screen point Intensity range for each pixel position Bitmap : black-and white system with one bit per pixel Pixmap : multiple bit per pixel (Grayscale display) 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (10/15) Raster-Scan Displays (cont.) Refreshing on raster-scan displays Refresh rates In units of cycles per second, or Hertz(Hz) Horizontal retrace The return to the left of the screen Vertical retrace At the end of each frame, the return to the top left corner of the screen to begin the next frame Interlacing: Each frame is displayed in two passes (fields) Even-line field and odd-line field To avoid flicker (Sacrifice in resolution) 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (11/15) Random-Scan Displays 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (12/15) Random-Scan Displays (cont.) => Skip CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn Vector display (stroke-writing or calligraphic display) Refresh rate depends on the number of lines to be displayed Picture definition is stored as a set of line-drawing commands Refresh display file, display list, vector file, display program Designed to draw all the component lines of a picture 30 to 60 times each second Designed for line-drawing applications Can not display realistic shaded scenes 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (13/15) Color CRT Monitors Combination of phosphors (R, G, B) The two basic techniques Beam-penetration method Shadow-mask method Beam-penetration Method => Skip Random-scan monitor Two layers of phosphor (red, green) A beam of slow electrons → outer red layer A beam of fast electrons → inner green layer Screen color controlled by the speed of electrons Only four colors (red, green, orange, and yellow) are possible 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (14/15) Shadow-mask method (Color Television) Has three phosphor color dots (R, G, B) at each pixel position The three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask. Various colors can be obtained by varying the intensity levels of three electron beams. 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

1. Video Display Devices (15/15) Other display devices Flat-panel display Plasma Display Panel (PDP) => 전력 소모 많음 Electroluminescent Display (EL) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) => 응답속도 느림 (잔상) Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) => 고가, 개발 중 Stereoscopic display 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

2. Raster-Scan Systems (1/3) Video Controller 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

2. Raster-Scan Systems (2/3) Video Controller 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

2. Raster-Scan Systems (3/3) Raster-Scan Display Processor Display processor, graphics controller, display coprocessor Major task : Scan conversion Graphics commands (lines, circles, …) are scan converted into a set of discrete intensity points in the frame buffer 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab. 3. Input devices Keyboard Mouse Trackball Joystick Data Glove Digitizer Image Scanner Touch Panel Light Pen Voice System 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.

4. Graphics Software Standards GKS (Graphics Kernel System) PHIGS (Programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive Graphics Standard) OpenGL VRML (Virtual-Reality Modeling Language) 2019-04-12 Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition Lab.