Immigration and Industrialization Chapter 20

Industrialization Changes Cities How did industry and new inventions change society? During the Industrial Revolution many Moved from rural areas to cities to find work. Urbanization – growth of cities. Skyscrapers- use of steel, accommodate LARGE # of people Electric Elevator by Otis Elevator company 1889

Causes of Growth Growing Population Natural Resources 1860-1900 population more than doubled Natural Resources Forests,water,coal,iron,copper,silver Government Support Land grants,subsidies and tariffs to help businesses grow Improved transportation Steamboats,canals, railroads-ship more farther+quicker New Inventions More goods more efficiently Investment Capital Banks + wealthy people lent businesses money

How did the Government get people to Move West? Homestead Act 1862 law that offered 160 acres free to anyone who agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 years Promontory Utah: Transcontinental railroad officially completed here

Problems with Urbanization What inequalities emerged in the late 19th century? 1890 – 11 out of 12 million people living in poverty. Tenements- run down overcrowded apartment houses. Leads to disease, poverty Slums- no running water, no garbage pick up etc. Became know as: The Gilded Age –”rags to riches” stories.Mark Twain named “Gilded Age” because of wealth masking poverty and corrupt politics. Pg 636

Captains of Industry Rockefeller and Oil Industry: thought best way to make$ was to put competition out of business . Rockefeller became known as a robber baron –a business leader who uses dishonest methods to grow rich Carnegie tried to beat his competition by making the cheapest and best steel : Sold his steel company to J.P. Morgan (Nations Top Banker) in 1901 for 480 million dollars. Carnegie and Rockefeller became philanthropists, or people who give large sums of money to charities. Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst- Newspaper publishers

Industry continued Monopoly: A company that wipes out competitors and controls an industry Patent: government document gives inventor exclusive rights to make and sell an invention Trust: a legal body created to hold stock in many companies often in the same industry EVALUATE THE POLITICAL CARTOON

The New Immigrants Who were the new immigrants and where did they settle in the U.S.? Ellis Island-NYC- European Immigrants Angel Island-S.F.-Asian Immigrants REACTIONS: Melting pot – a place where cultures blend. Assimilation – studied English and Civics. Faced prejudice from American born citizens. Restrictions for immigration because of fear of competing for jobs. Took low paying dangerous jobs (sweatshops) Chinese Exclusion Act – banned Chinese for 10 years.

Immigration and Racism Chinese immigrants who came to the West were paid lower wages than whites. Sometimes facing violence (Rock Springs, Wyoming)whites refused to work in the same mine with Chinese, killing 28. African Americans & Mexicans were forced into peonage-people forced to work until they have paid off debts. Congress outlawed in 1867. Supreme Court struck down other forms as violating the 13th amendment.

Labor Movement Captains of Industry did not always think of the people but about a profit. Poor working conditions 10-12 hr work day, no sick days Unsafe/healthy conditions Low pay, dull work Worked children same as adults LABOR UNIONS: a group of workers who ban together to seek better working conditions

Social Reformers Labor Unions Mother Jones - pg 657. Samual Gompers: Labor leader who founded AFL (American Federation of Labor) Mother Jones - pg 657. Jane Addams, an urban reformer and suffrage leader – founded Hull House in Chicago. Susan B. Anthony- Women’s suffrage

Political Machines Run Cities Political machine – an illegal gang that influences enough votes to control a local government. Traded favors for votes. Machine bosses gave jobs, cash, or food to supporters. Tammany Hall – NY – “Boss” William Tweed. Stole money from the city.] Despite corruption – many did good things – parks,sewers, schools, roads and orphanages. Assisted immigrants finding homes and jobs in exchange for votes.