Reformation Chapter 12

Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384) Interested in authority of clergy. People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own. Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope). This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

Early Reforms Cont…. Jan Hus (1369-1415) He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by Pope. At the Council of Constance, he made his case but he was burned at the stake for his beliefs. Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church.

Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536) “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within. He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will. Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation! The Printing Press!!!! Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books) People have access to books whenever they want them. Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

What is the Protestant Reformation? Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches. Protestant Reformation – was also political in nature People grew displeased with the churches… Financial Corruption Abuse of Power Immorality

What happens to spark the Reformation? Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences! Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness) Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

Language Barriers Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”. Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation. It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

Martin Luther Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg. One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation. Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Luther’s 95 Theses In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin. Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT! Criticized: Indulgences Power of Pope Wealth of Church God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE! Catholic View: Good Works

Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther. Excommunication- expelled him from the church. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings. Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestation or protest. Hence the term Protestant!

Lutheranism Firmly Established By 1521 Luther move toward spilt for the Church Wanted German princes to overthrow Papal power After his excommunication he gained the support of many who followed his religious practices He gained the support of many German princes 1524- German peasants revolted in hope that Luther would support them, but Luther need the princes support more To end the turmoil Holy Roman Emperor Charles V accepted the Peace of Augsburg ( allowed German princes to choose the faith of their own region

Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli – Priest in Zurich, Switzerland Zwinglian Reformation Banned all religious relics & images Whitewashed all church interiors No music in church services Does not merge w/ Luther because they couldn’t agree with the meaning of communion

John Calvin John Calvin replaces Zwingli French, fled for safety to Switzerland Espoused – predestination 1536 – began reforming Geneva, Switz. Created a church government of elect and laity Used morality police Sent missionaries throughout Europe Ideas spread to France, Netherlands and Scotland Mid 1500 Calvinism would become more popular than Lutheranism

The Anabaptists Separate themselves from other Protestants Adult baptism Disliked government interference Refuse political office, or bearring arms (pacifists) See all people as equal Viewed as extremely radical Modern descendents Amish, Mennonites, German Baptists

Reformation in England - Henry VIII Political, not religious motives for reform Needs a male heir to carry on the Tudor Dynasty Married Catherine of Aragon Have a daughter, May No son, so Henry wants a divorce! In the Catholic Church, you need an annulment, granted by the Church

Reformation in England cont…. The Pope refused to grant the annulment for political reasons Henry decided to break for the Catholic Church Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer granted the divorce Act of Supremacy (1534) established the church of England King control over doctrine, appointment Dissolves catholic claims, confiscates land and possessions Remained close to Catholic teaching

Henry VIII and His Wives Henry was desperate for a son He married 6 time!!!

Conflict in England 1547 – Henry VIII died His 9 year old son, Edward VI took the throne The Church of England – aka Anglican Church Became more protestant Angering Catholics 1553 – Edward dies His half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes the throne She restores Catholicism as national religion “Bloody Mary” has 300 Protestants burned as heretics Increases tensions between the Catholics and Protestors

Peace Under Elizabeth I Elizabeth – half sister of Mary She returned England to the Church of England (Anglican Church) War with Spain under Philip II 1588 He was defeated in the Spanish Armada under Sir Frances Drake (Sea Dogs) Elizabeth even aided the Dutch in their revolt of Spain

Reformation in Europe Scotland – John Knox a Calvinist would firmly establish the Protestant faith there- Presbyterian Church of Scotland Netherland – 1568 revolted against Spain and the Catholic church leading to the independence of Protestant portion of the Netherlands from Spain France – French Protestants (Huguenots) would experience great persecution 1572 Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – 20,000 protestants were murdered under the direction of Catherine de Medici Henry Iv (1589- 1610) would pass the Edict of Nantes giving toleration to the Huguenots

Catholic Counter Reformation Protestantism spreading rapidly through Europe Church sees the need to reform Pillars of Catholic Reformation Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola, began missions to restore Church Reform of Papacy – started by Pope Council of Trent – met off and on for 8 years Reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs Including the 7 sacraments & faith and good works Bible is not the sole authority Banned the selling of indulgences