NNMREC Lyceum 2.0 February 16, 2011 Energy Futures of Puget Sound: Are Our Tides Part of the Solution? Brian Polagye, Jim Thomson, and Chris Bassett University of Washington Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center

NNMREC Technology Feasibility Economic Viability Environmental Impacts Societal Concerns Viable Approaches Renewable Energy Challenge

NNMREC Harnessing the Power of the Tides Vertical Motion Barrage Impoundment Hydrokinetics – moving water

NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

NNMREC Typical Sites and Devices 2-4 m/s m Foundation Drive Train Rotor 5-20 m rpm Gearbox-Generator Direct Drive Generator Pile Gravity Base

NNMREC Worldwide Demonstrations ORPC Verdant Power EMEC OpenHydro Atlantis Tidal Generation Ltd. Voith Hydro EMEC OpenHydro Atlantis Tidal Generation Ltd. Voith Hydro FORCE OpenHydro CleanCurrent MCT FORCE OpenHydro CleanCurrent MCT CleanCurrent MCT Pulse Tidal Hammerfest Strøm Voith Hydro

NNMREC Verdant Power Kinetic Hydropower System East River, US (2005 – 2008) 6 turbines 5 m diameter 33 kW rated power

NNMREC Ocean Renewable Power Company 2.5 m diameter 240 kW rated power Eastport, ME (2010 – ?)

NNMREC OpenHydro 6 m diameter 300 kW rated power 10 m diameter 1000 kW rated power Bay of Fundy, CN (2009 – 2010) EMEC, UK (2008 – ?)

NNMREC Marine Current Turbines 11 m diameter 300 kW rated power SeaFlow Lynmouth, UK (2003 – 2009) 16 m diameter x kW rated power SeaGen Strangford Lough, UK (2008 – ?)

NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

NNMREC Technology Feasibility Economic Viability Environmental Impacts Societal Concerns Tidal Energy Challenge

NNMREC Technical Challenges Deep water deployments Most of the resource is in water deeper than 20m Inspection and maintenance Long-term reliability Moving parts in the marine environment 2+ year maintenance interval for rotor and power train 20+ year service life 6 months

NNMREC Economic Challenges Capital cost for extended marine deployments Operations in marine environment Intensive environmental monitoring requirements

NNMREC Study priorities – 1000s of possible effects Chicken and Egg Problem Need devices in the water to reduce large uncertainties Cannot receive permit to operate with large uncertainties Technology readiness of monitoring instruments You can only analyze what you can measure… Existing tools focused on stock assessments, not individuals Significant overlap with fundamental research needs High natural variability in relation to project scale Environmental Challenges

NNMREC Social Challenges Tribes Usual and Accustomed Treaty Rights Fishing and crabbing Commercial Users Fishing and crabbing Shipping Recreational Users Fishing and crabbing Diving Military

NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Tacoma Narrows Feasibility Study

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Tacoma Narrows Preliminary Permit

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Rich Passage Preliminary Permit Agate Passage Preliminary Permit Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Permit San Juan Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Tacoma Narrows 2 nd Feasibility Study

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Rich Passage Permit Surrendered Agate Passage Permit Surrendered Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit San Juan Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Tacoma Narrows Permit Surrendered Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Permit Feasibility Study

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Preliminary Application Document Pre-Installation Monitoring Site Characterization San Juan Channel Permit Surrendered Deception Pass Preliminary Permit Guemes Channel Preliminary Permit Spieden Channel Preliminary Permit Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Studies

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Draft License Application Monitoring Specifications and Development Site Characterization Deception Pass Inactive Permit Guemes Channel Permit Surrendered Spieden Channel Permit Surrendered Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Studies Test Platform Proposed

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Final License Application Monitoring Specifications and Development Site Characterization Deception Pass Inactive Permit Marrowstone Island Demonstration Project Inactive Test Platform Planning

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Turbine Procurement Cable Laying Monitoring Development Marrowstone Island Test Platform Studies Test Platform Design Deception Pass Inactive Permit

NNMREC Tidal Energy Projects in Puget Sound Admiralty Inlet Turbine Installation Marrowstone Island Test Platform Construction Deception Pass Inactive Permit

NNMREC Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Energy Project Snohomish PUD - OpenHydro 2 turbines Pilot demonstration 3-5 years of evaluation Seattle Everett Snohomish PUD Project

NNMREC Industry Overview Challenges Tidal Power in Puget Sound Establishing Context

NNMREC Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) UW-NNMREC Tidal Energy UW-NNMREC Tidal Energy OSU-NNMREC Wave Energy OSU-NNMREC Wave Energy Resource and Site Assessment Device and Array Optimization Testing Facilities Environmental Effects Materials Suitability 8 Faculty members involved 10 Graduate student researchers supported

NNMREC Establishing Context Information is needed by: Optimal siting Existing information is insufficient Approaches to close knowledge gaps are underdeveloped Site Developers Device Developers Regulatory Agencies Design loads Environmental context

NNMREC Relative Scale of Pilot Scale

NNMREC Mark II Sea Spider Tripod CTDO Water Quality Hydrophone Underwater Noise Fish Tag Receiver Individual IDs ADCP Current Velocity PODS Porpoise Presence Graduate Student

NNMREC A Research Cruise (Condensed)

NNMREC Sea Spider Deployment (Sub-Optimal)

NNMREC Operating Idle Tidal Energy Resource

NNMREC Underwater Noise

NNMREC Vessel Traffic – May 2010

NNMREC Vessel Traffic Patterns Distance to Nearest Vessel (km)

NNMREC Future Plans for UW-NNMREC Develop capabilities to monitor environmental effects of pilot projects. Help to monitor effects of pilot projects and identify potential environmental impacts for larger deployments.

NNMREC Tidal energy is not a silver bullet, but could be regionally important. Significant challenges must be overcome prior to commercial development. Opportunity for universities to help solve these problems and train the first generation of marine energy engineers. Conclusions

NNMREC Thank You More information available at: Tidal: Wave: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-FG36-08GO18179 and Snohomish PUD.

NNMREC A Roadmap for Monitoring? Device presence: Static effects Device presence: Dynamic effects Chemical effects Acoustic effects Electromagnetic effects Energy removal Cumulative effects Physical environment: Near-field Physical environment: Far-field Habitat Invertebrates Fish: Migratory Fish: Resident Marine mammals Seabirds Ecosystem interactions Device presence: Static effects Device presence: Dynamic effects Chemical effects Acoustic effects Electromagnetic effects Energy removal Cumulative effects Physical environment: Near-field Physical environment: Far-field Habitat Invertebrates Fish: Migratory Fish: Resident Marine mammals Seabirds Ecosystem interactions