How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a Arctic Tundra Case study: The Arctic Tundra

Another characteristic of the Arctic tundra is the limited amount of sunlight it receives due to the position of the Sun in the sky. Depending on the latitude, the Sun can remain below the horizon for up to 2 months, leaving the Arctic tundra in darkness. Although the sun remains in the sky 24 hours a day during the summer, it stays close to the horizon and provides only low intensity sunlight.  One unique characteristic of the Arctic tundra is permafrost--ground that is permanently frozen. Because the permafrost has no cracks or pores, nothing can penetrate it--neither plant roots nor water. The surface layer above the permafrost thaws each summer. This layer is called the active layer. Thickness of the active layer depends on its location in the tundra. The more northerly the location, the thinner the active layer is. during the summer Arctic tundra is characterized by lots of surface water. When snow melts, the water percolates through the active layer but is unable to penetrate the permafrost. Since the water has nowhere to go, the active layer becomes saturated and pools of water form on the surface.  "tundra" is a Finnish words which means "treeless

2.b. It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in an Arctic tundra area. Water cycles specific to Arctic tundra, including the rates of flow and distinct stores Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the cycles, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief. Seasonal changes in the water cycle in the Arctic tundra

Life support systems: Quiz 2 What is the biggest global store of water? What is the biggest global store of carbon? What is ablation? What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks? What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean? What is “weathering”? Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans? What is the NPP of Amazonia? What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass? What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for?

Answers What is the biggest global store of water? Oceans What is the biggest global store of carbon? Sedimentary rock What is ablation? Snowmelt What is the residence time for carbon held in rocks? 150 million years What kind of clouds form when air mass moves over a cooler surface such as an ocean? Stratiform What is “weathering”? The in situ breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface. Which marine organism primarily drives the biological pump in the oceans? Phytoplankton What is the NPP of Amazonia? 2500g/m2/year What percentage of carbon is stored in the above ground biomass? 60% What does the UN’s REDD scheme stand for? Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degredation.

Starter: Where is the Arctic Tundra? What will its climate be like?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so cold in the Arctic Tundra?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year?

Why does the temperature vary so much during the year? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WgHmqv_-UbQ 0 to 1.58

Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra?

Why is it so dry in the Arctic Tundra? What do you think will happen to the air at the poles? Will it rise or fall? This is called high pressure. Cool air sinks. As it sinks the molecules move closer together which means more mass and so more pressure. What type of weather is at the poles? As the air sinks, it warms, condensation is rare and so few clouds and little rain. It is cold at the poles and very high pressure!!! It makes you feel high and happy as it is usually dry and clear.

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle Where is the Arctic Tundra located? Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours. What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil?

Plenary or if time go to next slide How will this climate impact on the water cycle?

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle How will this impact on the water cycle? Think about: Atmospheric moisture stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores

The Arctic Tundra Water Cycle Where is the Arctic Tundra located? Describe and explain the climate of the Arctic Tundra and how it changes over the year. Include sunshine hours. What impact does the climate have on the vegetation and the soil? Water cycle 4) What are the main features of the water cycle in the Arctic Tundra and how does it alter with the seasons. Must include: Precipitation Atmospheric stores Transpiration Evaporation Run-off Groundwater & soil moisture stores Impact of snow and ice Importance of the wetlands.