Benchmark I Standards 11_1.2-11_3.5

Declaration of Independence We are no longer part of British Empire All men have unalienable rights People have right to remove the government

Separation of Powers No one branch of government has total power…power is shared equally. Legislative =Congress-Senate & -House of Representative. Executive = President- Vice President & Cabinet. Judicial = Supreme Court.

Checks & Balances Idea that every branch of government has different jobs to avoid on a group having too much power.

Natural Rights Every person should have the right to life, liberty, and property John Locke

Articles of Confederation 1st US government…failed because it did not have a strong central government

Bill of Rights Lists right of all Americans 1st- Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition. 2nd-Bearing Arms 3rd-Quartering Troops 4th-Searches & Seizures

Bill of Rights Continued 5th-Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain. 6th-Criminal Proceedings. 7th-Civil Trials. 8th-Punishment for Crimes. 9th-Unenumerated Rights 10th-Powers Reserved to the States

continued Establishment Clause says government cannot force everyone to be religious.

The Federalists Supported Constitution , but did not want a Bill of Rights. They wanted a strong central government.

Antifederalists Wanted a Bill of Rights…protect people from bad government. They wanted a weak central government, so the government will not have total control.

Constitutional Convention Plan to create a new federal government Decide how much power does each state get in new government

Virginia Plan Favored large states Bi-cameral legislature Representation based on population

New Jersey Plan Favored small states Uni-cameral legislature Equal representation

The Great Compromise Bicameral legislature Lower House representation based on population Upper House equal representation two senators per state

Checks and Balances No branch of government will have too much power

Bill of Rights The belief in individual liberty 1st Amendment Freedom of Speech Freedom of Religion Establishment Clause, government will not have a national religion

Industrialization Factories, create jobs, life easier for all. Products made by machines

Tenement housing Multi family apartments (poor housing) Shaped like a dumbbell 5 to 6 floors high

Child Labor Help supplement the low annual income of factory workers Small, so had to get into places where adults couldn’t

Job Conditions A lack of workplace safety Long hours (12-16 hours a day) Six days a week

Factory workers major problem Government officials and bosses corrupt

3 distinct classes Upper class- wealthy Middle class- shop owners Lower class- workers

Immigration Old immigrants- came from western and northern Europe. New immigrants- eastern and southern Europe 1890-1900s Their coming gave growth to cities.

Northeast US Large industrial cities Immigrants moved into cities

Urbanization Growth of cities Early 1900s, rural to urban

Ghettos Immigrants in same area similar language, race, and ethnicity.

Skyscrapers Steel skeleton Changed look of cities, allowed cities to go up

Transportation Electric trolleys Subways and elevated trains, to move large numbers quicker

City (urban) Planners Designed cities infrastructure, parks, sewage, utilities, and transportation.

Factors of Industrialization- what a city needs to be rich Natural resources: from the earth, oil, iron, gold. Population: immigrants work for a little wage Inventions: create jobs and new ways to earn money Bell- telephone Eastman- camera Wright Brothers- airplane Edison- light bulb

Distribution of Wealth Earning went to a small group of people… rich got richer

Transcontinental RR Completed in 1869, connected the US from coast to coast.

Laissez-Faire Government should not get involved with business. Social Darwinism: rich deserve their money because they worked harder for it…strong will survive.

Government Aid (RR) Government gave free land to railroad companies for every one mile of track…(10 acres/mi) RR sold land to earn money.

Robber Barons Super Rich Rockefeller - Oil Carnegie - Steel Morgan - Banking

Religion 1st Amendment right Establishment Clause Free Exercise Clause