Dr. Nasir Mustafa (M.B,B.S, M.phil)

Biochemistry is the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within and related to living organisms. Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.

Biochemistry (or) Life Chemistry Biochemistry is the chemistry of living organisms. It is concerned with the structure and chemical processes of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other molecules found in or produced by organisms.

Biochemical Processes Biochemical processes are the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, involving biomolecules. One of the first biochemical processes studied was alcoholic fermentation: the conversion of sugars into cellular energy with ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide as by-products.

Carbohydrates WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES? They are organic compounds which containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The ratio of H and O is same as it is in water. Hence they are regarded as hydrates of carbon because most carbon hydrates have the general formula C n (H 2 O) y.

Classification into sugars and non-sugars. SUGARS:- These are sweet, crystalline solids. These are soluble in water. Example: Glucose and fructose. CLASSIFICATION

Classification into sugars and non-sugars. NON-SUGARS:- These are amorphous non sweet solids. These are insoluble in water. Example: Cellulose. CLASSIFICATION

SIMPLE SUGARS ( MONOSACCHARIDES) Glucose Galactose Fructose

Types of carbohydrates Classifications based on number of sugar units in total chain. Monosaccharaides - single sugar unit Disaccharides- two sugar units Oligosaccharides- 2 to 12 sugar units Polysaccharides- more than 12 units Saccharide units are join together by Glycoside Linkage

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose D-galactose

SIMPLE SUGARS DISACCHARIDES Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)

Sucrose (glucose + fructose) fructose and glucose tastes sweet-fruit, vegetables, grains table sugar is refined from sugar beets brown, white, powdered

Lactose (glucose+galactose)

Maltose (glucose+glucose)

Polysaccharides Carbohydrates which are made from many monosaccharide molecules form long chain-like molecules called polymers. - made from glucose monomers polysaccharides cellulose glycogen starch

PROTEINS

Protein  DEFINITION:  Proteins are giant, linear, high molecular weight, polymeric molecules of amino acids linked through peptide linkage.

Only living beings can synthesize proteins. Plants synthesize them from CO 2, water, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates. As animals are an able to synthesize certain proteins from inorganic materials, they ultimately depend on plants of their requirement of proteins. Protein

PROTEINS

SPECIALIZED PROTEINS In addition to nitrogen some other elements such as calcium, phosphorous and iron are also present in some specialized proteins. FOR EXAMPLE:A casein protein contains calcium and phosphorus. Hemoglobin has iron in its structure. Protein

Amino acids contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, a carbon and a unique R group

Amino Acids Building Blocks from which new proteins are made. There are 22 different ones, but 9 are essential for good health.

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