What is Science? Science is a body of knowledge based on the study of nature. A verifiable process – __________________________ Evidentiary Collaborative Constantly questioning the known, the unknown, and each other Looking for, and trying to solve problems

Science is Ethical Scientific Inquiry Ethical issues must be addressed by society based on the values it holds important. Scientific Inquiry the foundation of science a ___________________ process a process based on __________________ observations and experimentation.

1.1 The Scientific Method Make Observations/Ask a Question Research (get background info) to generate a hypothesis (______________ explanation of why something happens) Design Experiment/Conduct Experiment/Collect Data Analyze data and hypothesis Use tables, graphs and statistics Draw a conclusion (support or reject) and Report conclusion for peer review…retest or revise hypothesis Peer review = process where experimental procedures and the results are evaluated by others *Be safe and ethical in the process! There are different ways to number these steps but they are always in this order of events

What about this wording and arrangement? Is it sufficient? 1. Where might “Make a predication” fall in this flowchart? 2. Where would “Do background research” be? 3. What about “gather evidence”? 4. What about “analyze the data”? 5. What about “unbiased peer review”

What is an observation? What is an inference? Being aware of something using your five senses Describe something as it appears: ________________ Raw data Consider how we have extended our ability to observe… What is an inference? An ____________________ based on observations, which cannot itself be directly observed ex. if you observe dark clouds in the sky, humid air, and puddles on the ground, you might infer that it has recently rained.

1.2 Experimental Design Form a Hypothesis After observations and questions asking… Form a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a testable explanation It can be tested in the form of a _______________ as an If-Then statement ex: If the amount of fertilizer is increased, then the height of the plant will increase. The ________ is the Independent Variable (IV) The _________is the Dependent Variable (DV)

Parts of a Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment: A control group of subjects to compare to the experimental group(s) Control group: comparative group; the ____________ conditions. Un-manipulated. Experimental group: tested group; alter one condition to compare results to control group data Independent variable (IV): Typically, the one condition altered by the scientist, “________________ variable” Dependent variable (DV): measured condition, the data collected, “_________________ variable” Constants/Controlled variables: Other conditions that could affect data but are ____________for all subjects.

Now You Try… If you spend more time studying, then your grade will improve. Independent Variable = Dependent Variable = If the temperature of the room is increased, then the bacteria will grow faster.

Review the Types of Variables: Independent: One variable altered by scientist to test effect of ex. Coffee drank/day: 1 cup, 2 cups or 3 cups Dependent: Effect measured by scientist ex. Amount of sleep at night in hours after drinking the coffee Constants (controlled): all other variables should be kept the same so any DV changes are due to the IV

Collect Valid Data Data can be numeric = ___________________________ Data can be descriptive = _________________________ Quantitative data is best to remove bias ex. bubbles created are large or small (qualitative) vs. measure bubble size in centimeters (quantitative) Sample size: the ______________ the sample (more subjects), the ____________ the conclusion Repetition: the _______________ tested with the same results, the ________________ the data

Analyze and Organize Data Apply statistical tests to data to determine relationships and organize your data in tables. Record observations and analysis in a data table Independent Variable: _______(unit) Levels Dependent Variable: _______________ (unit) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 mean range

Analyze and Organize Data Display the data using a graph Graphs make it EASIER to see patterns in the data. Parts of a graph Y Axis (_________ Variable) X Axis (____________Variable)

Graphing Mnemonic: DRY MIX Dependent Variable = Responding Variable = Y axis Manipulated Variable = Independent Variable = X axis Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Also Known As: Manipulated Variable Responding Variable Results: Cause On a graph: Y axis Experimenter Changes or controls

Draw a Conclusion and Communicate Results Does the data support or reject the hypothesis? _______: more testing for more support _______: revise hypothesis, test Must share; publish Scientists must be able to replicate the study and expect to get the same data

Peer Review is necessary! Process where experimental procedures and the results are evaluated by others in the same field or conducting similar research. -Is a researcher involved in a particular study an appropriate “peer” to do review of that study?

1.3

Challenging Accepted Theories The Study of Life Challenging Accepted Theories Scientists welcome debate about one another’s ideas. Sciences advance by accommodating new information as it is discovered. Observations or data that are inconsistent with current scientific understanding are of interest to scientists. These inconsistencies often lead to further investigations and understanding.

Biology: Science of Life Study past, present and future life Interactions Structures Functions Solve biological problems Agriculture Disease Conservation/Remediation

What is life? We decide: Reproduce 1+ cells Respond to Stimuli Organized/Complex Grow/develop Homeostasis Reproduce Respond to Stimuli Use Energy Adaptations/Evolution Humans have constructed this definition of life? What about viruses? What about evolution?

Chemical complexity for structure and function 1+ cells Organized/Complex Chemical complexity for structure and function Atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems- >organism Grow/develop Homeostasis Regulate internal conditions Consider an example or analogy to describe the meaning of “basic unit” Growth and development are different

Reproduce Respond to Stimuli Use Energy Species = Individuals are able to process and react to internal/external environ. Use Energy Get/make food (__________ energy) to fuel metabolism, convert the chemical energy in food into another form of chemical energy (___________) that ALL living things use to power processes There are 4 groupings for how energy is obtained: Autotroph Heterotroph Species concept is under scrutiny because it does not always play out – what about hybrids? What is external stimuli? What is internal stimuli – think about blood sugar, temp, water balance… We will talk about ATP a lot…it is the energy currency of the cell Adaptation does not happen to individuals and time refers to generations

Adaptations/Evolution Change in inherited traits (genetics) over time (generations) Genetic variation is a generally good thing for species survival Species concept is under scrutiny because it does not always play out – what about hybrids? What is external stimuli? What is internal stimuli – think about blood sugar, temp, water balance… We will talk about ATP a lot…it is the energy currency of the cell Adaptation does not happen to individuals and time refers to generations

Details on Characteristics Cells: Unicellular Multicellular 1st life forms Evolved later 1 cell More than one cell All bacteria, most protists, some fungi All animals, all plants, some fungi GROW by cell enlargement only GROW by cell enlargement and cell division REPRODUCE by cell division (asexual reproduction/cloning) REPRODUCE mainly by making specialized cells that combine sexually

Details on Characteristics II REPRODUCTION: Asexual Sexual Evolved first Evolved later Unicellular organisms divide to make more identical unicellulars Multicellular organisms use meiosis to make sperm/egg One “parent” – contributes 100% of genetic info Two “parents” – each contribute 50% of genetic info Make a clone – no genetic variation between generations Genetically different offspring – more variation in population – GOOD for survivability/evolution

More on Reproduction… Bacteria (unicellular, asexual) can exchange genetic info between individuals to increase genetic variation Called “_______________” Remember: genetic variability is a generally good thing for evolutionary survival!!

Details on Characteristics III Adaptation/Response Adaptation (evolution) Response (to stimuli) Short-term Population response to changing environmental conditions Immediate feedback to stimuli More genetic variability in the population = the better able the population can adapt EX: adaption as a result of changing climate – thicker fur EX: response to changing temperatures – burrow, put on a coat

Details on Characteristics III Energy use Autotrophs Heterotrophs BOTH versions of organisms convert “food” energy into ATP energy to power their cellular processes!! All plants, some bacteria, some protists All animals, All fungi, some bacteria, some protists (NOTE: some plants can do this too! “carnivorous plants –VFT!) AKA “producers” AKA “consumers” Make own food Eat other organisms or the products of other organisms Two versions: Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Life vs. Viruses Viruses: Bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals are living; viruses are NOT living things have ALL characteristics of life, viruses do not exhibit all NOTE: anything you need a microscope to see is called a “microbe”, anything that causes disease is called a “pathogen”. MOST bacteria do not cause human illness!! Viruses: are acellular do not (generally) reproduce themselves do not use energy/ have a metabolism

More on Autotrophy… There are two general processes: Photosynthesis use sun as energy needed to make food Chemosynthesis use chemicals as energy Hydrothermal deep sea vents

adapting to the environment displaying organization Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.1 Formative Questions Some species of plants begin opening their flowers in the morning when they are exposed to sunlight. What characteristic of living things does this represent? acquiring energy adapting to the environment displaying organization responding to stimuli A B C D FQ 3

Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.1 Formative Questions What process regulates an organism’s internal conditions and keeps them stable? adaptation equilibrium homeostasis metabolism A B C D FQ 4

Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.1 Formative Questions What is the process of change that takes place during the life of an organism? adaptation development growth maturation A B C D FQ 2

What is a theory? 1.2 Formative Questions Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.2 Formative Questions What is a theory? a body of knowledge about a natural phenomenon a creative tool for designing investigations a scientific inquiry that seeks to provide an explanation an explanation supported by observations and experiments A B C D FQ 5

Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.2 Formative Questions Scientists discard observations and data that are not consistent with current scientific understanding. B A true false FQ 6

Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.2 Formative Questions A scientist wants to report the findings from her investigations. Before her information can be published, what must it go through? forensics peer review scientific methods the metric system A B C D FQ 7

Scientific Theory Explains natural phenomenon Supported by observations/experiments Always same results Not a hypothesis Can be modified or discarded by NEW info Ex. Gravity, cells, tectonic plates Hypothesis: This is an educated guess based upon observation. It is a rational explanation of a single event or phenomenon based upon what is observed, but which has not been proved. Most hypotheses can be supported or refuted by experimentation or continued observation. Theory: A theory is what one or more hypotheses become once they have been verified and accepted to be true. A theory is an explanation of a set of related observations or events based upon proven hypotheses and verified multiple times by detached groups of researchers. A theory is not a guess, hunch, hypothesis, or speculation A theory is built upon one or more hypotheses, and upon evidence. The word "built" is essential, for a theory contains reasoning and logical connections based on the hypotheses and evidence In a strict sense, no theory is ever proven in any field, with the possible exception of pure mathematics, since new data might come along that require a change, and there are always details that haven't been tested. The biggest difference between a law and a theory is that a theory is much more complex and dynamic. A law describes a single action, whereas a theory explains an entire group of related phenomena.

Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.3 Formative Questions When you form a logical conclusion based on your observations and what you already know, what are you making? a conjecture an inference a speculation a theory A B C D FQ 9

a testable explanation Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.3 Formative Questions What is a hypothesis? a defined question a curious assumption a tested inference a testable explanation A B C D FQ 10

What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery? Chapter 1 The Study of Life 1.3 Formative Questions What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery? accidental anticipated ingenious whimsical A B C D FQ 11

Why is the metric system preferred by scientists? Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions Why is the metric system preferred by scientists? Answer: Using the same system of measurements allows a scientist to repeat another’s work knowing that he or she is performing the experiments exactly the same.

What is a testable explanation? Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions What is a testable explanation? observation hypothesis experiment constant A B C D CDQ 2

Which is not a characteristic of all organisms? Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a characteristic of all organisms? made of one or more cells grows and develops capable of rational thought maintains homeostasis A B C D CDQ 3

Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Assessment Questions Identify the term used to describe an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observation and experimentation. forensics natural law theory physics A B C D CAQ 1

Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Assessment Questions In a controlled experiment, which factor is changed by the experimenter? control group experimental group dependent variable independent variable A B C D CAQ 2

Look at the figure below. Why is scientific Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Assessment Questions Look at the figure below. Why is scientific data often displayed in graphs? CAQ 3

Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to Chapter 1 The Study of Life Chapter Assessment Questions Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to understand. CAQ 4

Which is the dependent variable in this experiment? Chapter 1 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice Which is the dependent variable in this experiment? number of days mass B A STP 5

Chapter 1 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice Which biological science was Jane Goodall studying when she observed chimpanzees? ecology genetics animal behavior biotechnology A B C D STP 1

Chapter 1 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice In which activity would an environmental biologist most likely be involved? genetically engineering plants finding ways to protect species preventing the spread of disease developing new medicines and vaccines A B C D STP 2

Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience? Chapter 1 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience? It brings up more questions. It causes disagreement and debate. It does not welcome scientific investigation. It does not receive acceptance by scientists. A B C D STP 3

Chapter 1 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice Scientists use laboratory rats to test the effects of a new drug, Razatrin. What do rats in the control group receive? food containing Razatrin food without Razatrin food containing another drug food containing a variety of drugs No food A B C D STP 4