Living in the Environment Water Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 14 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Water’s Unique Properties Hydrogen bonding Liquid over wide temperature range Changes temperature slowly High heat of evaporation Great dissolving power pH Adhesion and cohesion Expands when it freezes

Supply of Water Resources Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater Biota 0.0001% Rivers Atmospheric water vapor Lakes 0.0007% Soil moisture 0.0005% Groundwater 0.592% Ice caps and glaciers 0.014% Fig. 14-2 p. 314

Surface Water Surface runoff Reliable runoff Watershed Drainage basin

Evaporation and transpiration Ground Water Fig. 14-3 p. 315 Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Stream Infiltration Water table Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Lake Well requiring a pump Flowing artesian well Runoff Precipitation Confined Recharge Area Aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confirming permeable rock layer

Use of Water Resources Humans use about 50% of reliable runoff United States Industry 11% Public 10% Power cooling 38% Agriculture Agriculture Industry Domestic Power plants Fig. 14-5 p. 316

Too Little Water Dry climate Drought Dessication Water stress Acute shortage Adequate supply Shortage Metropolitan regions with population greater than 1 million Water stress Fig. 14-7 p. 317

Using Dams and Reservoirs to Supply More Water Large losses of water through evaporation Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is reduced Downstream cropland and estuaries are deprived of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted Provides water for year-round irrigation of cropland Fig. 14-9 p. 319

Transferring Water from One Place to Another Watershed transfer North Bay Aqueduct South Bay California Aqueduct CALIFORNIA NEVADA UTAH MEXICO Central Arizona Project Colorado River Los Angeles Shasta Lake Sacramento Fresno Phoenix Tucson ARIZONA Colorado River San Francisco San Diego California Water Project Central Arizona Project James Bay Fig. 14-13 p. 323

Tapping Groundwater Year-round use No evaporation losses Often less expensive Potential Problems!

Problems with Using Groundwater Water table lowering (See Fig. 14-15 p. 326) Depletion (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326) Subsidence (See Fig. 14-16 p. 326) Saltwater intrusion (See Fig. 14-17 p. 328) Chemical contamination See Case Study p. 327 Reduced stream flows

Converting Salt Water to Fresh Water and Making it Rain Distillation desalination Reverse osmosis desalination Desalination is very expensive Cloud seeding

Using Water More Efficiently Reduce losses due to leakage Reform water laws Improve irrigation efficiency (Fig. 14-18 p. 330) Improving manufacturing processes Water efficient landscaping Water efficient appliances

Too Much Water: Floods Natural phenomena Aggravated by human activities Renew and replenish Reservoir Dam Levee Flood wall Floodplain Fig. 14-22 p. 332

Solutions: Achieving a More Sustainable Water Future Efficient irrigation Water-saving technologies Improving water management See Fig. 14-25 p. 336

Living in the Environment Water Pollution G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 19 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

Types and Sources of Water Pollution Point sources Refer to Tables 19-1 and 19-2 p. 484 and 485 Nonpoint sources Biological oxygen demand Fig. 19-3 p. 485 Water quality

Point and Nonpoint Sources Urban streets Suburban development Wastewater treatment plant Rural homes Cropland Factory Animal feedlot POINT SOURCES Fig. 19-4 p. 486

Pollution of Streams Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery Fig. 19-5 p. 488

Pollution of Lakes Eutrophication Slow turnover Thermal stratification Fig. 19-7 p. 491 Slow turnover Thermal stratification

Case Study: The Great Lakes Fig. 19-8 p. 492

Groundwater Pollution: Sources Low flow rates Cold temperatures Few bacteria Hazardous waste injection well Pesticides Coal strip mine runoff De-icing road salt Buried gasoline and solvent tank Pumping well Cesspool septic tank Gasoline station Waste lagoon Water pumping well Sewer Landfill Leakage from faulty casing Accidental spills Discharge Unconfined freshwater aquifer Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Fig. 19-10 p. 494 Groundwater flow

Groundwater Pollution Prevention Monitoring aquifers Leak detection systems Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal Storing hazardous materials above ground

Ocean Pollution Fig. 19-12 p. 498

Case Study: Chesapeake Bay Fig. 19-14 p. 500 Largest US estuary Relatively shallow Slow “flushing” action to Atlantic Major problems with dissolved O2

Oil Spills Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation and buoyancy, smothering Significant economic impacts Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing agents

Solutions: Preventing and Reducing Surface Water Pollution Nonpoint Sources Point Sources Reduce runoff Clean Water Act Buffer zone vegetation Water Quality Act Reduce soil erosion

Technological Approach: Septic Systems Require suitable soils and maintenance Fig. 19-16 p. 504

Technological Approach: Sewage Treatment Mechanical and biological treatment Fig. 19-17 p. 504

Technological Approach: Advanced Sewage Treatment Removes specific pollutants Fig. 19-18 p. 505

Technological Approach: Using Wetlands to Treat Sewage Fig. 19-19 p. 506

Drinking Water Quality Fig. 19-11 p. 495 Bottled water Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum contaminant levels