Steps in the Research Process Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs Longitudinal designs participants are tested at different ages in their lives. a single sample of participants may be tested at age 5, 10, 15, and at age 20. treat age as a within-subjects variable Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs Cross-sectional designs developmental designs that treat age as a between-subjects variable compare different age groups of participants each participant contributes data for only one age group. Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
The Nuts and Bolts of Other Specialized Designs Chapter 13 The Nuts and Bolts of Other Specialized Designs Dawn M. McBride The Process of Research in Psychology Second Edition
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs A cohort-sequential design Multiple samples of participants of different ages are followed over time Begin as a cross-sectional design: with separate samples of different age groups The age groups are tested multiple times as they develop as in a longitudinal design.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Developmental Designs Longitudinal design age -- within-subjects variable testing effects mortality/attrition Cross-sectional design age -- between-subjects variable Cohort-generation effects Cohort Sequential design combines longitudinal and cross-sectional Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Longitudinal sources of bias: Testing effects early testing may affect later testing Mortality/attrition participants who drop may be different from those who remain Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Cross-sectional sources of bias: Cohort- Generation Effects Different generational experiences may affect the way the participants complete the task or measure in the study Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Small n Designs experiments conducted with one or a few participants to better understand specific behaviors Discrete trials design Baseline design Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Discrete Trials Designs Within-subjects experiment Designed to study basic “laws” of behavior Ex. Few individuals carry out computer task over many trials to test behavior under different types of reinforcement conditions Positive – gain $ Negative - prevent form loosing $ Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Discrete Trials Designs: Skinner Box
Baseline Designs Experiment or Quasi-experiment done on an individual or small group to examine effects of treatment on undesirable behavior A-B-A/reversal design – measure baseline behavior, give treatment, measure baseline again Confound: carry –over effects Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Data Analysis in Small-n Designs Example : compare approaches to increase task completion among brain injury patients Assigned vs. self selected (Tasky et al, 2008) Data are often presented separately for the individual participants in the study Inferential statistics can only be used in baseline designs if a large number of observations is collected for each individual. Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.
Dawn M. McBride - The Process of Research in Psychology, 2nd Edition © 2013 SAGE Publications, Inc.