Theories of Development Chapter 5 Theories of Development Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Key Terms behavioral theories behaviorist theory classical conditioning cognitive theories Electra anxiety extrovert humanist theories information processing introvert looking-glass self moral reasoning Oedipus complex operant conditioning psychodynamic theories social-learning theory sociocultural theories Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Definition Psychodynamic theories Behavioral theories Humanist theories Cognitive theories Sociocultural theories Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Importance of Understanding Developmental Theories Changes in physiology, psychology, and behavior that occur normally at different stages in the lifespan. Behaviors influenced by culture, environment, past experiences, family, health status, and the reaction of the individual Understanding what affects growth and development helps predict and recognize behaviors. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Selected Theories of Development Including theories by Freud, Jung, Erikson, Levinson, Piaget, Loevinger, Kegan, Vygotsky, Brofenbrenner, Maslow, Rogers, Watson, Pavlov and Skinner, Bandura and Mischel, Kohlberg, Cooley and Mead, Peck, Havighurst, and Atchley Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) Conflict occurs when society provides mixed messages, causing the unconscious (id) to produce anxiety, which rises to the surface (conscious or ego) and becomes evident to the individual in his or her feelings and behavior Oedipus complex Electra anxiety Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Defense Mechanisms for Coping Rationalization Repression Projection Displacement Reaction formation Regression Identification Sublimation See Box 5-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital See Table 5-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Psychodynamic Theory (Jung) Studied with Freud but did not believe sexuality was the basis of behavior development Introvert Extrovert Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Stages of the Life Cycle: A Psychosocial Theory (Erikson) Personality development is dependent on the social environment and social interactions Each stage involves a social crisis or task that must be positively resolved to pass successfully to the next stage Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Erikson’s Stages of the Life Cycle Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. self-absorption Integrity vs. despair See Table 5-2. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Stages of Parenting Behaviors Stage 1: Parental image Stage 2: Authority Stage 3: Integrative Stage 4: Independent teen Stage 5: Departure See Table 5-3. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Psychosocial Theory (Levinson) Elaborated on Erik Erikson's theories Interactions among environment, culture, and the individual are the “fabric of life.” Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cognitive Theory (Piaget) Emphasized cognitive milestones in development Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Piaget’s Four Stages of Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operations Formal operations See Table 5-4. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Cognitive Theory (Loevinger) Stretched Piaget's model of development into the stages of adulthood The ego adapts to demands and is an important basis for critical thinking Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Constructive Theory (Kegan) Constructive developmental theory similar to Piaget's Lifelong interaction with the environment Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Theory of Language and Culture (Vygotsky) Social and cultural experiences are necessary for optimal growth and development Language is a major force in the growth and development of the personality Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Vygotsky’s Language and Development Theory Infant Toddler Preschool 3 years old 4 years old School age See Table 5-5. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Social and Economic Influences (Bronfenbrenner) Combination of social and economic factors that influence growth and development How children may be treated differently in different environments and the effect that those differences may have See Table 5-6. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Bronfenbrenner’s Social Theory of Growth and Development Parents, siblings Teachers, babysitters School, neighborhood, community Political community See Table 5-6. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) If basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self-fulfillment. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) (cont.) The hierarchy of needs, from the most to least basic, includes: Physiological; Activity; Safety and Protection; Love and Belonging; Esteem; and Self-Actualization See Figure 5-2. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Environmental Theory (Rogers) People naturally form their own positive destiny, based on the concept of the self, if obstacles are removed Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Behaviorist Theory (Watson) The father of behaviorism The environment and experiences mold the personality Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Behaviorist Theory of Personality (Pavlov and Skinner) Personality and behavior are learned Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Social-Learning Theories of Personality (Bandura and Mischel) Social learning formed the basis for personality development Exposure to and imitation of a behavior Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg) Moral reasoning Development of a set of social rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong Moral behavior is based on perception and integration of these rules Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Preconventional Conventional Postconventional See Table 5-7. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead) Looking-glass self Self-image is formed through three steps Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead) (cont.) 1) Imagining how we portray ourselves to others; 2) imagining how others evaluate us; and 3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like. See Figure 5-3. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Peck) Coping with retirement from work Adapting to the normal physiological decline because of aging Facing the inevitability of death Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Havighurst) Developmental tasks of late adulthood, which involve accepting oneself and maintaining meaning in life Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Developmental Stages of Retirement (Atchley) Five developmental stages in the older adult related to retirement: Preretirement Honeymoon Disenchantment Stability Terminal See Table 5-8. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Additional Influences on Growth and Development Cultural beliefs and practices Gender differences Poverty Developmental tasks Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.