A study in Self-Efficacy Lift Yourself A study in Self-Efficacy

Self-Efficacy (n.) Self-Efficacy governs the internal debate with oneself when facing a task, as well as the decision, course of action and results of said action. a personal judgement of "how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations".

CAN I DO IT? Can I win this game? Can I ace this exam? Can I beat this illness? (Plot twist: I can.)

Sources of Self-Efficacy Mastery Experience Successful execution of a behavior: “I crushed the last interview I had.” Vicarious Experience Modeling and consequently surpassing/falling short of perceived peer performance. Verbal Persuasion Believing in one’s own capability on account of the words of another. Physiological States Mental and physical circumstances surrounding the action such as mood, anxiety, stress, etc. VE: Perceived superiority boosts self-efficacy beliefs and “ inferiority diminishes them. VP: This effects best the person who already possesses some measure of confidence in their abilities. (Chambliss & Murray, 1979a, 1979b). -Be wary of raising unrealistic beliefs.

Side Effects of Self-Efficacy May Include: Higher tolerance for stress/pain Improved Academic Performance A study showed those with higher levels of self-efficacy released fewer endorphins when experimenting with increasing levels of pain tolerance (Bandura et al., 1988) “Regardless of whether children were of superior or average cognitive ability, those with a high sense of efficacy were more successful in solving conceptual problems.” Subjects with high SE: solved more math problems Freely discussed erroneous strategies More often and more accurately reworked the problems they had incorrect. More persistent Managed their time better. -Endorphins are the body’s answer to painkillers, blocking pain impulses in stressful situations. -Bandura study: Subjects were administered Naxolone (blocks the analgesia capability of endorphins) or an inert saline solution (for the placebo effect). Their hands were submerged in ice-cold water, etc… -These results seem paradoxical, unless there is a mental analgesia-like aspect to self-efficacy. --Child’s dentist visit portrayed as an interrogation.

Side Effects of Self-Efficacy May Include: Better Schooling Environment Teachers and staff more likely to help the disadvantaged student. Parents with high SE get more involved. As a result of this collective SE, students will perform better, and exhibit increased amounts of SE Discuss “remedial” classes and the academic pariah status this brings – damaging ones SE

Procrastination: A Student’s Worst Enemy Students with high levels of self-efficacy exhibited better time management!

BELIEVE THAT YOU CAN!

Hypotheses A negative correlation exists between SE and procrastination. A negative correlation does not exist between SE and procrastination.

Correlational Analysis Variables Pearson’s r 1. 2. Academic Self-efficacy - .4892 Academic Procrastination P=.0642 .4892 is technically a positive, weak correlation between the variables At p < .05, these results are not significant P < .05 Average answer: 3 – neither agree nor disagree

BATOOL, KHURSHEED, AND JAHANGIR Variables Pearson’s r 1. 2. 3. 1. Self-Esteem - .46** -.18** 2. Academic Self-efficacy -.42** 3. Academic Procrastination P<.01

BATOOL, KHURSHEED, AND JAHANGIR Predictors Outcome Variables Direct Effect Indirect Effect Self-Esteem Academic Self-efficacy .464 .000 Academic Procrastination -.198 -.427 self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between self-esteem and academic procrastination

Nature Nurture Bandura Nature vs. Nurture Bandura’s sources of self-efficacy are mostly other: Vicarious Experience, Verbal Persuasion, and Physiological States Bandura

Limitations, Suggestions for Future Study Some responses incentivized As always, correlation does not equal causation Self-report scale, anonymity Sample confined to 18-25yrs old Future research could utilize Regression analysis Future research could include a variable for self-esteem Human mind stops developing at 25

Questions?

Citations Batool, S. S., Khursheed, S., & Jahangir, H. (2017). Academic procrastination as a product of low self-esteem: A mediational role of academic self-efficacy. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 32(1), 195–211. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.