Chapter Five: Relationships I See page 181 in textbook. Authors use two common methods to show relationships and make their ideas clear: transitions and patterns of organization. This chapter also explains two common types of relationships: • Relationships that involve addition • Relationships that involve time

Transitions Look at the following items. Which one is easier to read and understand? 1. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. A way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. 2. One way to lose friends is to talk but not listen. Another way to end friendships is to borrow money and not pay it back. See page 181 in textbook. ANSWER: 2. (The next slide explains the choice.)

The second item is easier to understand The second item is easier to understand. The word another makes it clear that the writer is adding a second way to lose friends. Transitions are words or phrases (like another) that show relationships between ideas. They are “bridge” words, carrying the reader across from one idea to the next: See pages 181 and 182 in textbook. Two major types of transitions are words that show addition and words that show time.

Words That Show Addition Once again, find the item that is easier to read and understand: 1. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. 2. Many people rent DVDs because rental is cheaper than tickets to a movie theater. Also, DVDs are now available online as well as in stores. See page 182 in textbook. ANSWER: 2. (The next slide explains the choice.) HERMAN: © Jim Unger/Dist. By Newspaper Enterprise Association. Inc.

The word also in the second item makes the relationship between the sentences clear. The author is providing reasons why renting movies is popular. The first reason is that renting DVDs is cheaper than buying tickets to the movies. A second reason is that the movies are so readily available. The word also makes it clear that another reason is being given. Also is an addition word. See page 182 in textbook.

Here are some common words that show addition: Addition words signal added ideas. These words tell you a writer is presenting one or more ideas that continue along the same line of thought as a previous idea. Here are some common words that show addition: See page 182 in textbook. one to begin with also further first for one thing in addition furthermore second(ly) other next last (of all) third(ly) another moreover final(ly)

Words That Show Time Look at the following items. Which one is easier to read and understand? 1. The two neighboring families used to get along well. They are not on speaking terms. 2. Previously, the two neighboring families got along well. Now they are not on speaking terms. See page 184 in textbook. ANSWER: 2. (The next slide explains the choice.)

The words previously and now in the second item make the relationship between the sentences clear. Before, the families got along well; but now they don’t speak to each other. Previously and now and words like them are time words. See page 184 in textbook.

Here are some common words that show time: Time words tell us when something happened in relation to when something else happened. Here are some common words that show time: before immediately when until previously next whenever often first (of all) then while frequently second(ly) following during eventually third(ly) later as (soon as) final(ly) now after by last (of all) Some additional ways of showing time are dates (“In 1890 ... ,” “Throughout the 20th century ...”, “By 2012 ...”) and other time references (“Within a week ...,” “by the end of the month...,” “in two years ...”) See page 184 in textbook.

The List of Items Pattern See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order, so that they form a short paragraph. Which sentence should be first? Second? Third? Last? Use the addition words as a guide. A. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. B. There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. C. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. D. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. See pages 186 and 187 in textbook. ANSWER: B, A, D, C. (The next slide presents and explains the logical order for the sentences.)

Here is a logical order for the sentences on the last screen: There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people use to combat stress. One common strategy is to consume massive quantities of junk food, which is easily done thanks to all the ever-present convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Another way to deal with stress is to doze or sleep for hours and hours, even during the day. Finally, watching hours of nonstop TV can put people in a stupor that helps them forget the problems of everyday life. This paragraph begins with the main idea: “There are some widely popular, inappropriate methods that people have to combat stress.” The next three sentences go on to list three of those methods, resulting in the pattern of organization known as a list of items. The transitions One, Another, and Finally introduce the points being listed and indicate their order. See pages 186 and 187 in textbook.

See pages 186 and 187 in textbook. A list of items refers to a series of reasons, examples, or other points that support an idea. The items have no time order, but are listed in whatever order the author prefers. Addition words, such as those in the box below, are often used in a list of items to tell us that other supporting points are being added to a point already mentioned. Textbook authors frequently organize material into lists of items, such as a list of types of economic systems, symptoms of heart disease, or reasons for teenage drinking. See pages 186 and 187 in textbook. one to begin with also further first for one thing in addition furthermore second(ly) other next last (of all) third(ly) another moreover final(ly)

The Time Order Pattern See page 190 in textbook. ANSWER: C, B, A, D See if you can arrange the following sentences in a logical order, so that they form a short paragraph. Which sentence should come first? Second? Third? Last? Use the time words as a guide. A. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. B. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. C. A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. D. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. See page 190 in textbook. ANSWER: C, B, A, D (The next slide presents and explains the logical order for the sentences.)

Here is a logical order for the sentences on the last screen: A relationship begins when two people show interest in each other and choose to spend time together. The two people then make a commitment to have an exclusive relationship with each other. Next, the two people declare themselves a couple, telling friends and relatives about the new person in their lives. Last, the two people formalize the relationship by cohabitation or marriage. Authors usually present events in the order in which they happen, resulting in the time order pattern of organization. The time transitions then, Next, and Last introduce the points being listed and indicate their order. See page 190 in textbook.

Two kinds of time order are a series of events or stages and steps in a process. As a student, you’ll see time order used frequently. For example, textbooks in all fields describe events and processes, such as … • the events leading to the Boston Tea Party • the important incidents in Abraham Lincoln’s life • the steps involved for a bill to travel through Congress • the process involved in writing a paper • the stages in the development of a cell See pages 190 and 191 in textbook.

One Kind of Time Order: Series of Events or Stages Time Order: Events Time Order: Stages Event 1 Event 2 Event 3 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Here is the first sentence of a paragraph organized as a series of stages: Children master language in predictable stages. See pages 190 and 191 in textbook.

A Second Kind of Time Order: Steps in a Process (Directions) Here is the first sentence of a paragraph organized as steps in a process: Here is a six-step technique that will help you relax quickly. See pages 193 and 194 in textbook.

Chapter Review See page 198 in textbook. In this chapter, you learned how authors use transitions and patterns of organization to make their ideas clear. Just as transitions show relationships between ideas in sentences, patterns of organization show relationships between supporting details in paragraphs and longer pieces of writing. You also learned two common kinds of relationships that authors use to make their ideas clear: Addition relationships Authors often present a list or series of reasons, examples, or other details that support an idea. The items have no time order, but are listed in whatever order the author prefers. Transition words that signal such addition relationships include for one thing, second, also, in addition, and finally. Time relationships Authors usually discuss a series of events or steps in the order in which they happen, resulting in a time order. Transition words that signal such time relationships include first, next, then, after, and last. The next chapter—Chapter 6—will help you learn three other important kinds of relationships: definition-example, comparison and/or contrast, and cause-effect. See page 198 in textbook.