Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 500-1500 Chapter 11

Section 1: Byzantium Western Roman Empire crumbled in the 5th century due to invading Germanic tribes Constantine moved the capital east to Byzantium-where he could respond to the dangers of the Germanic tribes as well as close in on the rich trade going through Byzantium He renamed the city, Constantinople and made it his new capital As the western Empire began to decline, the eastern part became independent-Byzantine Empire (modern day Istanbul) Empire divided in 395 AD Justinian succeeded his uncle as ruler of the Byzantine Empire

The emperor Justinian temporarily restored the fortunes of the Byzantine state Justinian mounted a reconquest of parts of the empire lost to the Germanic tribes The generals Belisarius and Narses took back northern Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and a part of Spain from the Visigoths. The enormous expense of Justinian's ambitious military policy was passed on in taxes to the residents of the empire. Byzantium                  The Hagia Sophia

Byzantium Justinian held absolute power Justinian is also credited with codifying the Roman legal system, and his code has provided the model for many European legal systems-Justinian Code Code regulated whole areas of Byzantine life from marriage to inheritance Lasted for 900 years Justinian began a large public building project-repaired the fortifications of the city: 14 mile stone wall, deep moats, 3 walls-inner most 25 feet thick Also built churches like the Hagia Sohpia His wife, Empress Theodora aided him in his rule Education was very important to the Byzantines, who sent their children to be educated at public schools or by tutors

Byzantium Byzantium suffered from some setbacks: the plague (10,000 a day died at its height), attacks by Lombards, Avars, Slavs, Bulgars, Persians, and Russians Constantinople was raided by Western European knights who pillaged the city in 1204 on their way to fight against the Turks in the Crusades Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks Byzantium’s religion began to diverge from Roman Catholicism-developed into Eastern Orthodox Church Schism: break over the use of icons between West and East Byzantium sent missionaries to spread their religion-reached out to Slavs and developed the Cyrillic alphabet (includes Russian)

Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or St Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or St. Basil's Cathedral) is a multi-tented church on the Red Square in Moscow. The cathedral was commissioned by Ivan the Terrible and built between 1555 and 1561 in Moscow.

Section 2: Russia Slavs from the north began trade with Constantinople Russian culture grew out of the blending of Greek Byzantine and Slavic ideas 3 rivers connected the early territory of Russia: Dnieper, Don, and Volga The forests in this area where inhabited by Slavic farmers and traders There were also bands of adventurers: Vikings Vikings built forts and settled along the rivers Legend says that the early Russians invited the Viking king to become their king: Rurik 862 Rurik found Novgorod Kiev was founded about this time period to facilitate trade between Novogrod and Constantinople

Section 2: Russia Merchandise they brought to Constantinople included timber, fur, wax, honey, and slaves (Slavs) Kiev grew into a independent state ruled by its own prince 957 Princess Olga converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox) Vladimir (grandson) converted entire country to Christianity in 989 –due to studies Kiev and its surroundings were Russia 1st important unified territory Vladimir expanded the state 1019 Yaroslav the Wise (son of Vlad.): led Kiev to even greater glory by expanded territory, alliances, and creating a legal code Decline of Kiev began with the death of Yaroslav due to him dividing up his realm among his sons and his sons tore the state apart fighting for the choicest territories and this practice only continue-weakened state

Section 2: Russia Mongol attacks began in 1200 AD led by Genghis Khan-the most feared warrior of that time Mongols were savage killers 1240 attacked a demolished a weakened Kiev (Batu Khan) Mongols ruled southern Russia for over 200 years where they set up tribute systems as well as Khanates (territories) Russians were aloud to follow their own customs

Section 2: Russia Russia became increasingly unified under Mongols and Moscow rose to prominence Moscow-1100’s: their prince, Ivan I, was liked by the Mongols and for his services got to collect tribute in all Slavic lands conquered-known as Ivan Moneybags. He became the most powerful Russian prince Moscow central seat of Russian power Ivan III-married the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor –called himself czar and claimed Russia the 3rd Rome 1480 broke with the Mongols and refused to pay tribute Resulted in a stand off between the Russians and Mongol armies…but no one wanted to fight so they went home-bloodless standoff marked Russia’s liberation!

Section 3: Turks Turks began migrating into the Muslim Abbasid Empire At first the Turks were slaves trained as soldiers and employed as bodyguards called mamelukes The Abbasids were starting to lose territory and in 945 the Persian armies moved into Baghdad and put an end to the caliph’s political powers After this event more Turks migrated Sekjuks were a large group that had migrated in and had converted to Islam 1055 the captured Baghdad from the Persians 1071 marched against the Byzantines in the Battle of Manzikert and crushed them Turks went on to occupy most of the Anatolia within 10

Section 3: Turks Turks preference for Persian caused Arabic language to almost disappear After Malik died no strong ruler followed and this caused the Seljuk empire to fall into kingdoms At this point is when the West launched the Crusades 1st by Urban II-1095-recover Jerusalem Under Saladin Muslims recovered Jerusalem Popes called for more crusades, but they were weak Mongols-Hulagu-took Baghdad. Killed caliph-scared way Mongols lost power due to administration problems Ottomans rose up Turks were very nice to the conquered Persians and even placed them in important government offices like vizier-prime minister Looked to Persians for both cultural and religious guidance Seljuk rulers were called shahs The most famous Seljuk sultan was Malik Shah Malik beautified cities throughout his great empire