PRESENT BY: PISETH POV

What is Computer?

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.

Functionalities of a computer Takes Data as Input Store Data In it’s own memory Process Data and Convert to Information Generate Output Control all function above

History and Generation of Computers Computers are made up of many parts, and each one of them is a unique invention on its own. In this timeline we will take a look at many of these parts, and how they contributed to the computers we have today.

ABACUS “2500 BC” AbacusAbacus is the first kwon calculating machine used for counting. It’s made of beads and rods. It’s mainly use for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

NAPIER’S BONES “1614 AD” Napier’s Bones was invented by Jonr Napier, a Scottish Mathematician. It’s also make for calculation.

THE SLIDE RULE “1633 AD” It was invented by Willam Oughtred. The Slide Rule is embodied by the two sets of scales that are join together with a marginal space between them.

THE ROTATING WHEEL CALCULATOR “1642 AD” It was first developed by a French Philosopher, Blaise Pascal. It consists of gears and levers. This is a predecessor to today’s electronic calculator.

THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE “1822 AD” It built by Charles Babbage, British Mathematician and engineer. Babage is calledthe “Father of Today’s Computer”.

HOILERITH TABULATING MACHINE “1890 AD” It was developed by Herman Hollerith. It was design by using punched cards.

FIRST PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER Z1 “ ” The Z1 was created by German Konrad Zuse in his parents' living room between 1936 and It is considered to be the first electromechanical binary programmable computer, and the first really functional modern computer.

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER “ ” The period of first generation was from 1940 to The first generation computers used vacuum tubes as the basic components because vacuum tubes are the only electronic components available on those days. Vacuum tubes are used for circuitry and magnetic drums are used for memory.

The input to the computer was given through punched cards and paper tapes. The output displayed as printouts. No translator (translates from programming language to machine or computer language) was used to compile the programming language. The instructions to computer was given directly in machine language, i.e 0's and 1's. The first generation computers are mainly used for scientific research. Advantages ¡ These are the fastest calculating computers at that time. ¡ They perform operations in milliseconds. Disadvantages ¡ These computers are large in size. ¡ Large amount of heat is emitted. ¡ The cost is high. ¡ These computers are non-portable. ¡ The first generation computers solve only one problem at a time. ¡ Air conditioning is required ¡ Machine language is difficult to learn.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER “ ” The period of second generation was from 1956 to The second generation computers used transistors as the basic components. The first transistor was developed at bell laboratories on 1947 by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain. The size of transistor is small compared to the size of vacuum tubes. Transistors are made from silicon. Transistors that are made from silicon are less sensitive to temperature, so they cannot easily burn up.

Second generation computers used magnetic tapes, magnetic disks for secondary memory and magnetic core for primary memory. The input to second generation computers was given through punch cards and the output displayed as printouts. The instructions for computer were written in assembly language. Advantages ¡ Perform operations in microsecond. ¡ The size of second generation computers is small compared to the size of first generation computers. ¡ The cost is low. ¡ Maintenance cost of second generation computers is low because hardware failures are rare. ¡ Writing instructions in assembly language is easier than writing instructions in machine language. ¡ Second generation computers generate less heat compared to the first generation computers. Disadvantages ¡ Air conditioning is required

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER “ ” The period of third generation was from 1964 to Integrated circuits (IC's) are used in third generation computers. The integrated circuit was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. The electronic circuit formed by constructing electronic components like transistor, resistor and capacitor on a small piece of semiconducting material is called integrated circuit. Integrated circuit is also called as chip or microchip. Large number of transistors is placed on a single chip.

In third generation computers input is given through keyboard and output is displayed on monitor. The keyboard and monitor were interfaced through the operating system. Operating system allows different applications to run at the same time. The instructions to the computer were written in high level language instead of machine language and assembly language. Advantages ¡ The size of third generation computers is less compared to the size of previous first and second generation computers. ¡ Generates less heat than the previous generation computers. ¡ It can perform calculations in nanoseconds. ¡ Maintenance cost is low compared to the previous generation computers. ¡ Consumes less power than the first and second generation computers. ¡ More reliable. ¡ Totally general purpose. ¡ Low cost. ¡ Good storage. Disadvantages ¡ Air conditioning is required

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER “1971-PRESENT” The period of fourth generation was from 1971 to present. The fourth generation computers was developed using microprocessor. Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor developed in The microprocessor is a silicon chip contains millions of transistors that was designed using LSI and VLSI technology.

The fourth generation computers used LSI (Large Scale Integration) and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. Using LSI and VLSI technology thousands of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip. In fourth generation computers the semiconductor memory is replaced by magnetic core memory resulting in fast random access to memory. Several operating systems like MS-DOS and MS windows developed during this time. The instructions to the computer were written in high level language instead of machine language and assembly language. Advantages ¡ More reliable than previous generation computers. ¡ Perform calculations in Picoseconds. ¡ Consumes less power than the previous generation computers. ¡ No air conditioning is required. ¡ Totally general purpose. ¡ Cost is low compared to the previous generation computers. ¡ All types of high level languages is used for fourth generation computers. ¡ Maintenance cost is low compared to the previous generation computers. ¡ Fourth generation computers are portable. ¡ Generates less heat than the previous generation computers. ¡ Learning high level language is easier than assembly and machine language.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER “PRESENT-BEYOND” The fifth generation computers are still in development. Scientists are working on fifth generation computers. The main aim of fifth generation computing is to develop computers that are respond to surroundings using different types of sensors and capable of learning. Fifth generation computers use super large scale integrated (SLSI) chips that contains millions of components on a single chip. These computers use parallel processing where instructions are executed in parallel manner. Parallel processing is much faster than serial processing. In serial processing each task is performed in serial manner. Where as in parallel processing multiple tasks are performed simultaneously. Fifth generation computers are based on artificial intelligence. The fifth generation computers are also called artificial intelligence computers.

Supercomputers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers Microcomputer HOW MANY TYPE OF COMPUTER ? TYPES OF COMPUTER

WHY WE NEED TO CLASSIFY? Size Power Performance

TYPES OF COMPUTER We have four different computer types classified according to their performance, power, and size. A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes it, stores, and then produces an output. There are different computer types available depending on the number of users they can support at any one time, their size, and power. In this hub, we are going to have a look at the difference between supercomputers, mainframe, mini, and microcomputers.

SUPERCOMPUTERS Supercomputers are Very Fast and Most Powerful. Supercomputers – Supercomputers are very expensive, very fast, and the most powerful computers we have in the world. Supercomputers are optimized to execute a few number of programs. This makes it possible for them to execute these few programs at a very high speed. Due to their inhibiting cost, they are used in high end places like in scientific research centers. The supercomputer consists of thousands of processors making it clock very high speeds measured by petaflops. These computer types are also very large in size due to the numerous parts and components involved in their design. A good example of a Supercomputer is Tianhe-2: TH-IVB-FEP Cluster; National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou, China; 3.12 million cores (33.86 petaflop/s).

WHY WE NEED TO CLASSIFY? Space Exploration Earthquake Studies Weather Forecasting Nuclear Weapons Testing

TOP FIVE SUPERCOMPUTERSRANKSITESYSTEMCORESRMAX (TFLOPS/ S) RPEAK POWER(KW) 1National Super computer in Guanzhou, ChinaTianhe – 2 (MilkyWay – 2)3,120,00033, , ,808 2DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United StatesTitan – Cray XK7, Cray Inc. 560,64017, ,112.58,209 3DOE/NNSA/LLNL, United StatesSequoia – BlueGene/Q, IBM1,572,86417, ,132.77,890 4 RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) Japan K Computer, Tofu Interconnect Fujitsu. 705,02410, , ,660 5DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory, United States Mira – BlueGene/Q, Custom IBM 786,4328, ,066.33,945

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Mainframe computers — These are large and expensive computer types capable of supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. Thus, they are mostly used by governments and large organizations for bulk data processing, critical applications, transaction processing, census, industry and consumer statistics among others. They are ranked below supercomputers.

MINICOMPUTERS Minicomputers — Minicomputers are mid sized computers. In terms of size and power, minicomputers are ranked below mainframes. A minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. The use of the term Minicomputer has diminished and they have merged with servers.

POPULAR MINICOMPUTERS  K-202  Texas Instrument TI-990  SDS-92  IBM Midrange computers

MICROCOMPUTER Microcomputers or Personal computers – A personal computer is a computer designed to be used by one user at a time. The term microcomputer relates to microprocessor which is used with a personal computer for the purpose of processing data and instruction codes. These are the most common computer types since they are not very expensive. Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of computers. The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba. Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car, Netbooks, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators are all type of Microcomputers.