The Civil Rights Movement Begins Chapter 29 Section 1 Part 1

Separate But Equal 1896 – Plessy vs. Ferguson The Supreme Court ruled segregation to be constitutional Established the separate-but-equal doctrine Laws separating blacks were permitted as long as equal facilities were provided for them

Jim Crow Laws Laws segregating blacks and whites Segregated buses, trains, schools, restaurants, swimming pools, parks, etc

Separate By Choice Local communities were able to decide whether or not to pass segregation laws Areas w/o segregation laws often had de-facto segregation Segregation by custom and tradition

NAACP 1909 – National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) 1939-1961 – Thurgood Marshall was the NAACP’s chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Education Fund

NAACP Victories 1935 – Norris vs. Alabama 1946 – Morgan vs. Virginia Supreme Court ruled that Alabama’s exclusion of blacks from juries violated their right to equal protection under the law 1946 – Morgan vs. Virginia Segregation on interstate buses was unconstitutional

Victories Continued 1950 – Sweatt vs. Painter State law schools had to admit qualified black applicants even if parallel black law schools existed

Push for Desegregation 1942 – James Farmer and George Houser founded CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) CORE b/g to use sit-ins Sit-ins – a form of peaceful protest Intended to shame managers into integrating public places Used in theaters, restaurants, etc They eventually b/g to work to register black voters

Brown vs. Board of Education 1954 – Supreme Court decides to combine similar cases and issue a general ruling on segregation in schools Linda Brown – young black girl Denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas b/c of her race She was told to attend an all black school across town Her parents and the NAACP sued the Topeka school board

Brown vs. BOE May 17,1954 – the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Ruling  segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment Chief Justice Earl Warren summed up the courts decision when he wrote… “In the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”

Brown vs. BOE The Brown decision marked a dramatic reversal of ideas expressed in Plessy vs. Ferguson The ruling only applied to public schools, but it threatened the entire society of segregation The decision angered many white Southerners who b/c more determined to defend segregation

Southern Rebellion Virginia Senator called for Southerners to adopt “massive resistance” Go against the Court’s ruling in Brown vs. BOE and refuse to desegregate schools 1956 – a group of 101 members of Congress signed the Southern Manifesto Southern Manifesto – denounced the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown vs. BOE as “a clear abuse of judicial power” and pledged to use “all lawful means” to reverse the decision Had no legal standing, but encourage white Southerners to defy the Supreme Court