Science Notes: Stnd 24 Date Standard 24: 8.ETS1.2 Celestial Observation Technology Research and communicate information to describe how data from technologies (telescopes, spectroscopes, satellites, and space probes) provide information about objects in the solar system and universe. Science and Engineering Practice(s) Obtain and communicate information, Construct Explanations Crosscutting Concepts Cause and Effect, Stability and Change I Can Statement ...I can explain how we use technology resources to examine our solar system, our galaxy, and the universe.

Hobby-Eberly Telescope Telescopes We use telescopes to observe objects in space and their motions. Telescopes help us understand the formation of planets, stars, solar systems, galaxies, and the universe. We have telescopes on Earth (called ground-based) and in orbit around our planet (called space-based). Hobby-Eberly Telescope McDonald Observatory Keck Telescopes Manua Kea Observatory

Telescopes Are Like Time Machines Since light travels at a constant speed, when we observe an object 100 million light years away we are seeing it as it was 100 million years ago. We are “looking back into time.” We use this phenomenon to observe the formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and planets across the universe. Link (2:30): Time Traveling Astronomy

Types of Telescopes Different types help us see all of the electromagnetic spectrum. Electromagnetic Spectrum: includes all the wavelengths of light. Light is a wave of alternating electric and magnetic fields. Without special equipment, we can only see a small part of this electromagnetic spectrum called visible light. Link (2:48): What is Light? Six Types of Telescopes 1) Optical Telescopes 2) Infrared Telescopes 3) Gamma ray Telescopes 4) X-ray telescopes 5) Ultraviolet Telescopes 6) Radio Telescopes Link (3:24): Different Types of Telescopes

Link (3:12): Hubble Space Telescope Optical Telescopes Optical telescopes gather light in the 400 to 790 terahertz range. They enable us to view celestial objects in the visible light portion of the EM spectrum. Link (3:12): Hubble Space Telescope Chandra Telescope Indian Astronomical Observatory Hubble Telescope NASA’s Great Observatory

Link (4:28): W.I.S.E. Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer Infrared Telescopes These telescopes gather radiation in the 300 gigahertz to 400 terahertz range. They enable us to view celestial objects in the infrared portion of the EM spectrum. Link (4:28): W.I.S.E. Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer W.I.S.E. Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer

Link (5:18): NASA's Fermi Space Telescope Gamma-ray Telescopes These telescopes gather high-energy radiation (100 electron-volts or higher). They enable us to view celestial objects in the gamma-ray portion of the EM spectrum. Link (5:18): NASA's Fermi Space Telescope M.A.G.I.C Telescope La Palma, Canary Islands Fermi Telescope Gamma-ray Space Telescope

Link (5:46): Chandra Xray Space Telescope X-ray Telescopes These telescopes gather radiation in the 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz range. They enable us to view celestial objects in the X-ray portion of the EM spectrum. Link (5:46): Chandra Xray Space Telescope Chandra Space Telescope NASA’s X-ray Observatory

Ultraviolet Telescopes Link (2:02): Ultraviolet Space Telescope These telescopes gather radiation in range between visible light and X-rays. They enable us to view celestial objects in the ultraviolet portion of the EM spectrum. Link (2:02): Ultraviolet Space Telescope Spektr-UV Space Telescope World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet

Cassini-Huygens (USA) Exploring Jupiter and Beyond Robotic Explorers In Our Solar System used instead of humans for dangerous and/or tedious missions robots have explored planets, moons, and comets Cassini-Huygens (USA) 1997-Present Exploring Saturn Exploring Jupiter and Beyond Voyager 1 (USA) 1977-Present

Viking 1 and 2 Lander (USA) Viking 1 and 2 Orbiter (USA) NASA's Robot Explorers Exploring Mars Viking 1 and 2 Lander (USA) Exploring Mars 1976 Viking 1 and 2 Orbiter (USA) Exploring Mars 1976

NASA's Robot Explorers Exploring Mars In 1996 the Sojourner rover was sent to Mars, and in 2007 the Phoenix Lander was sent to Mars View Video Clip: Link (6 min 06 sec): Mission to Mars (Launch and Landing) Mars Phoenix Lander 2008 Sojourner Rover 1997

Opportunity Rover On Mars NASA's Robot Explorers Exploring Mars In 2003 two robots (Spirit & Opportunity) were sent to Mars Each robot was only expected to operate for 90 Martian days They both exceeded that time and provided years of data Opportunity Rover On Mars 2004-Present Spirit Rover On Mars 2004-2010

Curiosity Rover On Mars Exploring Mars The Curiosity rover was sent to Mars in 2011 by NASA Larger and more robust than the previous rovers, this robot explorer has drills and a laser device for experiments View Video Clips: Link 01 (2 min 39 sec): Buidling the Curiosity Rover Link 02 (2 min 23 sec): Curiosity Landing on Mars Curiosity Rover On Mars 2012-Present